The changing geography of interprovincial migration in China:history and new trends

This paper elucidates how the geography of interprovincial migration in China has evolved with the country’s structural changes over the past 35 years and explores how this geography has developed in the past decade. In synthesizing existing literature, we demonstrate that the coast-inland migration discrepancy emerged in the late 1980s when migration control was relaxed and a coastal development strategy was adopted, reinforced in the 1990s when globalization, marketization, and decentralization unfolded and interprovincial economic disparities increased, and stabilized in the 2000s when the growth of interprovincial economic disparities came to a halt with the country’s shift to a coordinated regional development strategy. Using 2020 Census data, the geography is revealed to have become less skewed between 2010 and 2020, driven primarily by two groups of provinces. One group includes five southeast coastal provinces and two coastal municipalities; the other includes nine southern inland provinces. The southern inland-coast migration flows, which had been growing prior to 2010, have decreased between 2010 and 2020, whereas counterflows have increased greatly. These emerging trends can be attributed to several significant transformations in China’s demography and economic landscape, including the aging of a large number of first-generation migrants, a declining workforce, the relocation of manufacturing industries, and people’s increasing emphasis on public services, the access to which are often tied to the hukou place. Interprovincial migration in China has reached a turning point in terms of geographic changes. The policies on this migration and the geographical framework for analyzing it may need updating.<br/

Hukou type, hukou place and labour market vulnerability in Chinese megacities:The case of Beijing in the COVID-19 pandemic

This article presents an investigation into the different roles of hukou type and place in shaping labour market vulnerability within Chinese megacities, using the COVID-19 pandemic-induced income loss in Beijing as a case study. We find that while the hukou system played a role in shaping this loss, its impact was achieved mainly through hukou place, with hukou type having no significant effect. Compared to locals, non-local hukou holders in Beijing were more likely to lose income; and their magnitude of income loss was larger. Locals and non-locals were also subject to different rules when deciding which individuals in the group would have a pay cut, with personal attributes playing a significant role in this decision for non-locals but not for locals. In addition, working in self-employed businesses was a disadvantage for the non-local group only; and the threshold by which family income helped reduce the risk of income loss was lower for non-locals than for locals. This study highlights the importance of extending the discussion on the hukou system’s impact to the question of labour market vulnerability, particularly considering the ongoing and potentially prolonged weakness in China’s labour market. It sheds light on the need to differentiate between hukou place and type in future studies concerning China’s hukou system

The changing geography of interprovincial migration in China:history and new trends

This paper elucidates how the geography of interprovincial migration in China has evolved with the country’s structural changes over the past 35 years and explores how this geography has developed in the past decade. In synthesizing existing literature, we demonstrate that the coast-inland migration discrepancy emerged in the late 1980s when migration control was relaxed and a coastal development strategy was adopted, reinforced in the 1990s when globalization, marketization, and decentralization unfolded and interprovincial economic disparities increased, and stabilized in the 2000s when the growth of interprovincial economic disparities came to a halt with the country’s shift to a coordinated regional development strategy. Using 2020 Census data, the geography is revealed to have become less skewed between 2010 and 2020, driven primarily by two groups of provinces. One group includes five southeast coastal provinces and two coastal municipalities; the other includes nine southern inland provinces. The southern inland-coast migration flows, which had been growing prior to 2010, have decreased between 2010 and 2020, whereas counterflows have increased greatly. These emerging trends can be attributed to several significant transformations in China’s demography and economic landscape, including the aging of a large number of first-generation migrants, a declining workforce, the relocation of manufacturing industries, and people’s increasing emphasis on public services, the access to which are often tied to the hukou place. Interprovincial migration in China has reached a turning point in terms of geographic changes. The policies on this migration and the geographical framework for analyzing it may need updating.<br/

Does the COVID-19 Pandemic Change Consumers’ Food Consumption and Willingness-to-Pay? The Case of China

Since COVID-19 was first detected in China in 2019, governments around the world have imposed strict measures to curb the spread of the coronavirus, which substantially impacted people’s life. Consumers’ food consumption behavior has also changed accordingly with reduced grocery shopping frequency, replaced in-person grocery shopping with online shopping, and increased valuation on food. In this paper, we aim to investigate the change in Chinese consumers’ food consumption and their willingness to pay (WTP) for vegetables and meat, using a dataset with 1206 online samples collected between February and March 2020. Consumers’ WTP for vegetables and meat is estimated using a double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation design, and factors affecting their WTPs are also investigated. Results show that consumers have a higher WTP for these food products during the pandemic, and their WTP is positively affected by their anticipated duration of the COVID-19, their online shopping shares, their direct exposure to infected patients, their gender, and their income. These results imply that the food industry shall try to develop online market channels as consumers are willing to share the costs, while lower-income consumers may not be able to meet their food needs with prices increased beyond their WTP and thus may call for the government’s support

Improving Model Drift for Robust Object Tracking

Discriminative correlation filters show excellent performance in object tracking. However, in complex scenes, the apparent characteristics of the tracked target are variable, which makes it easy to pollute the model and cause the model drift. In this paper, considering that the secondary peak has a greater impact on the model update, we propose a method for detecting the primary and secondary peaks of the response map. Secondly, a novel confidence function which uses the adaptive update discriminant mechanism is proposed, which yield good robustness. Thirdly, we propose a robust tracker with correlation filters, which uses hand-crafted features and can improve model drift in complex scenes. Finally, in order to cope with the current trackers' multi-feature response merge, we propose a simple exponential adaptive merge approach. Extensive experiments are performed on OTB2013, OTB100 and TC128 datasets. Our approach performs superiorly against several state-of-the-art trackers while runs at speed in real time.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, 4 table

Recent Progress in Transformer-based Medical Image Analysis

The transformer is primarily used in the field of natural language processing. Recently, it has been adopted and shows promise in the computer vision (CV) field. Medical image analysis (MIA), as a critical branch of CV, also greatly benefits from this state-of-the-art technique. In this review, we first recap the core component of the transformer, the attention mechanism, and the detailed structures of the transformer. After that, we depict the recent progress of the transformer in the field of MIA. We organize the applications in a sequence of different tasks, including classification, segmentation, captioning, registration, detection, enhancement, localization, and synthesis. The mainstream classification and segmentation tasks are further divided into eleven medical image modalities. A large number of experiments studied in this review illustrate that the transformer-based method outperforms existing methods through comparisons with multiple evaluation metrics. Finally, we discuss the open challenges and future opportunities in this field. This task-modality review with the latest contents, detailed information, and comprehensive comparison may greatly benefit the broad MIA community.Comment: Computers in Biology and Medicine Accepte

Efficient refinements on YOLOv3 for real-time detection and assessment of diabetic foot Wagner grades

Currently, the screening of Wagner grades of diabetic feet (DF) still relies on professional podiatrists. However, in less-developed countries, podiatrists are scarce, which led to the majority of undiagnosed patients. In this study, we proposed the real-time detection and location method for Wagner grades of DF based on refinements on YOLOv3. We collected 2,688 data samples and implemented several methods, such as a visual coherent image mixup, label smoothing, and training scheduler revamping, based on the ablation study. The experimental results suggested that the refinements on YOLOv3 achieved an accuracy of 91.95% and the inference speed of a single picture reaches 31ms with the NVIDIA Tesla V100. To test the performance of the model on a smartphone, we deployed the refinements on YOLOv3 models on an Android 9 system smartphone. This work has the potential to lead to a paradigm shift for clinical treatment of the DF in the future, to provide an effective healthcare solution for DF tissue analysis and healing status.Comment: 11 pages with 11 figure

Image Segmentation of Adhering Bars Based on Improved Concavity Points Searching Method

It is difficult to track, count and separate the bars moving at a high speed on production line for their overlap under occlusion. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a reliable, practical splitting mechanism for the adhered bars. This paper proposed a new solution to the problem of bars adhesion: the plane array camera was utilized to acquire the images of moving bars so as to recognize the centroid coordinates of the bars ends and compute their area with a Blob algorithm, two geometric parameters were utilized to detect adhered bars, and the presence of adhered bars was analyzed according to the convex hull. For the adhered bars, the segmentation points were searched using scanning method by a series of the rules to determine the optimal segmentation line. The proposed method can segment the adhered bars effectively with matched concavity points. The experimental results show that the method can well segment and count bars moving at a high speed on production line, with the counting accuracy near to 100% and the recognizing time in millisecond

Methodology for estimation of CO2 storage capacity in reservoirs

The CO2 storage in reservoirs is one of the most effective ways of reducing the greenhouse gas emission, which is based on the mechanisms of structural and stratigraphic trapping, residual gas trapping, dissolution trapping and mineral trapping. The CO2 storage capacity in oil reservoirs includes theoretical, effective, practical and matched storage capacities. In the estimation of the CO2 storage capacity in both waterflooding and CO2 flooding oil reservoirs, theoretical and effective storage capacities can be obtained by the material balance and analogy methods. The theoretical storage capacity represents the physical limit of what the reservoir system can accept. The effective storage capacity represents a subset of the theoretical capacity and is obtained by applying a range of technical cut-off limits to a storage capacity assessment which incorporate the cumulative effects of reservoir and fluid parameter. When the material balance method is used, the amount of CO2 dissolution is not negligible. In using the analogy method, the key is to determine CO2 utilization factor. Examples show that the method is simple and convenient for the estimation of the CO2 storage capacity in China. Key words: carbon dioxide, storage, waterflooding, carbon dioxide flooding, dissolution, algorith

A consensus algorithm based on the worst consistency index of hesitant fuzzy preference relations in group decision-making

Abstract This paper mainly solves the individual consistency and group consensus in the decision-making with hesitant fuzzy preference relations (HFPRs). The worst consistency index (WCI) is used to measure the individual consistency level. The envelop of an HFPR called envelop of HFPR (EHFRP) is proposed in the consensus reaching process (CRP). Two algorithms are proposed: one is to improve the WCI, in which only one pair of elements are revised in the consistency improving process each time, which aims to preserve the decision makers’ (DMs’) original information as much as possible. Another algorithm is proposed to improve the consensus in the CRP. To aggregate individual EHFPRs into one group HFPR, a new induced ordered weighted averaging (IOWA) operator is presented, called envelope HFPR-IOWA (EHFPR-IOWA), which allows the experts' preference to be aggregated in such a way that the most consistent ones are given more weight. Finally, an illustrative example and comparisons with the existing methods are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed method