One More Weight is Enough: Toward the Optimal Traffic Engineering with OSPF

Traffic Engineering (TE) leverages information of network traffic to generate a routing scheme optimizing the traffic distribution so as to advance network performance. However, optimize the link weights for OSPF to the offered traffic is an known NP-hard problem. In this paper, motivated by the fairness concept of congestion control, we firstly propose a new generic objective function, where various interests of providers can be extracted with different parameter settings. And then, we model the optimal TE as the utility maximization of multi-commodity flows with the generic objective function and theoretically show that any given set of optimal routes corresponding to a particular objective function can be converted to shortest paths with respect to a set of positive link weights. This can be directly configured on OSPF-based protocols. On these bases, we employ the Network Entropy Maximization(NEM) framework and develop a new OSPF-based routing protocol, SPEF, to realize a flexible way to split traffic over shortest paths in a distributed fashion. Actually, comparing to OSPF, SPEF only needs one more weight for each link and provably achieves optimal TE. Numerical experiments have been done to compare SPEF with the current version of OSPF, showing the effectiveness of SPEF in terms of link utilization and network load distribution

The line shape of the radiative open-charm decay of Y(4140) and Y(3930)

In this work, we study the radiative open-charm decays $Y(4140)\to {D}_s^{\ast+} D_s^- \gamma$ and $Y(3930)\to{D}^{\ast+} D^-\gamma$ under the assignments of $D_{s}^*\bar{D}_s^*$ and $D^*\bar{D}^*$ as molecular states for Y(4140) and Y(3930) respectively. Based on our numerical result, we propose the experimental measurement of the photon spectrum of $Y(4140)\to {D}_s^{\ast+} D_s^- \gamma, D_{s}^+D_{s}^{*-}\gamma$ and $Y(3930)\to D^{*0}\bar{D}^0\gamma, D^{0}\bar{D}^{*0}\gamma, D^{*+}D^-\gamma, D^+D^{*-}\gamma$ can further test the molecular assignment for Y(4140) and Y(3930).Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. More references and discussions added, typos corrected. Accepted by Phys. Rev.