Solubilization of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in quiescent and stimulated neutrophils

AbstractIn human neutrophils, alkaline phosphatase (AlkPase), a low-affinity receptor for IgG (FcRIIIB), and complement decay accelerating factor (DAF) are glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins. Varying greatly in biological function these three integral membrane proteins exhibit regulated cell surface expression in neutrophils. Defined by their common membrane-linkage motif, AlkPase, FcRIIIB, and DAF can be released from the lipid bilayer by the action of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C and are relatively resistant to low temperature extraction with Triton X-100 (TX-100). In this study we show that neutrophil AlkPase, FcRIII, and DAF display differential extractibility; they are relatively insensitive to TX-100 solubilization at 4° C, but are readily extracted with TX-100 at 37° C or by the detergent octyl glucoside at 4° C. The differential extractibility of these GPI-anchored proteins is the same in unstimulated cells, where these proteins exist primarily in an intracellular pool, and stimulated cells, where they are expressed principally at the cell surface. However, no differential extraction effect is observed with two neutrophil transmembrane proteins, complement receptor 1 (CD35, CRl) and MHC Class I in either stimulated or unstimulated cells

High-resolution water level and storage variation datasets for 338 reservoirs in China during 2010–2021

Reservoirs and dams are essential infrastructure in water management; thus, information of their surface water area (SWA), water surface elevation (WSE), and reservoir water storage change (RWSC) is crucial for understanding their properties and interactions in hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. However, knowledge of these reservoir characteristics is scarce or inconsistent at the national scale. Here, we introduce comprehensive reservoir datasets of 338 reservoirs in China, with a total of 470.6 km3 storage capacity (50 % Chinese reservoir storage capacity). Given the scarcity of publicly available gauged observations and operational applications of satellites for hydrological cycles, we utilize multiple satellite altimetry missions (SARAL/AltiKa, Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B, CroySat-2, Jason-3, and ICESat-2) and imagery data from Landsat and Sentinel-2 to produce a comprehensive reservoir dataset on the WSE, SWA, and RWSC during 2010–2021. Validation against gauged measurements of 93 reservoirs demonstrates the relatively high accuracy and reliability of our remotely sensed datasets. (1) Across gauge comparisons of RWSC, the median statistics of the Pearson correlation coefficient (CC), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), and root mean square error (RMSE) are 0.89, 11 %, and 0.021 km3, with a total of 91 % validated reservoirs (83 of 91) having good RMSE from 0.002 to 0.31 km3 and NRMSE values smaller than 20 %. (2) Comparisons of WSE retracked by six satellite altimeters and gauges show good agreement. Specifically, the percentages of reservoirs having good and moderate RMSE values smaller than 1.0 m for CryoSat-2 (validated in 30 reservoirs), SARAL/AltiKa (9), Sentinel-3A (34), Sentinel-3B (25), Jason-3 (11), and ICESat-2 (26) are 77 %, 75 %, 79 %, 87 %, 81 %, and 82 %, respectively. By taking advantages of six satellite altimeters, we are able to densify WSE observations across spatiotemporal scales. Statistically, around 96 % of validated reservoirs (71 of 74) have RMSE values below 1.0 m, while 57 % of reservoirs (42 of 74) have good data quality with RMSE values below 0.6 m. Overall, our study fills such a data gap with regard to comprehensive reservoir information in China and provides strong support for many aspects such as hydrological processes, water resources, and other studies. The dataset is publicly available on Zenodo at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7251283 (Shen et al., 2021).</p

Artificial intelligence-enabled personalization in interactive marketing: a customer journey perspective

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has revolutionized customers' interactive marketing experience. Although there have been a substantial number of studies exploring the application of AI in interactive marketing, personalization as an important concept remains underexplored in AI marketing research and practices. This study aims to introduce the concept of AI-enabled personalization (AIP), understand the applications of AIP throughout the customer journey and draw up a future research agenda for AIP. Design/methodology/approach: Drawing upon Lemon and Verhoef's customer journey, the authors explore relevant literature and industry observations on AIP applications in interactive marketing. The authors identify the dilemmas of AIP practices in different stages of customer journeys and make important managerial recommendations in response to such dilemmas. Findings: AIP manifests itself as personalized profiling, navigation, nudges and retention in the five stages of the customer journey. In response to the dilemmas throughout the customer journey, the authors developed a series of managerial recommendations. The paper is concluded by highlighting the future research directions of AIP, from the perspectives of conceptualization, contextualization, application, implication and consumer interactions. Research limitations/implications: New conceptual ideas are presented in respect of how to harness AIP in the interactive marketing field. This study highlights the tensions in personalization research in the digital age and sets future research agenda. Practical implications: This paper reveals the dilemmas in the practices of personalization marketing and proposes managerial implications to address such dilemmas from both the managerial and technological perspectives. Originality/value: This is one of the first research papers dedicated to the application of AI in interactive marketing through the lenses of personalization. This paper pushes the boundaries of AI research in the marketing field. Drawing upon AIP research and managerial issues, the authors specify the AI–customer interactions along the touch points in the customer journey in order to inform and inspire future AIP research and practices.</p

Modeling the Physical Nexus across Water Supply, Wastewater Management and Hydropower Generation Sectors in River–Reservoir Systems

Most water supply and hydropower generation is obtained from the river&#8211;reservoir system, and wastewater pollutants are also dumped into the system. Increasing water demand and consumption have caused the water supply, wastewater pollutant management and hydropower generation sectors to be interlinked and to reinforce each other in the system. A physical nexus across water supply, wastewater management and hydropower generation sectors for a river&#8211;reservoir system was developed based on the analytical water quality and hydropower generation equations. Considering the Jinghong hydropower reservoir, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Lancangjiang River Basin, as a case study, both the wastewater pollutant management target and water inflow from the upstream as the external and boundary conditions, were employed to establish the effects of the external and boundary conditions on the nexus. It was demonstrated that the nexus of water supply and hydropower generation sectors does not vary with the water quality indicators and its protection target, without the separation of environmental flow in hydropower generation flow. In addition, the amount of hydropower generation decreases with increasing water supply. However, the lapse rates of allowable wastewater pollutants&#8211;water supply differ based on the water inflow and the wastewater pollutant management sectors, while the efficiency of hydropower generation and the sensitivity of allowable wastewater pollutants per amount of water supply are considered to be unrelated to the water inflow and wastewater pollutant management target conditions. The quantitative nexus developed through the proposed equation not only contributes to a more complete understanding of the mechanism of cross-connections, but also in creation of specific water protection and utilization measures, which is also the focus of the water&#8211;energy nexus

Handshake mechanism selection in MANETs with directional antennas: A new evaluation view

Abstract Handshake mechanism plays a significant role in neighbour discovery (ND) algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with directional antennas. In this letter, aiming at 1) the MANET scenario of uniformly‐distributed nodes and 2) the random beam‐scanning manner, the upper and lower bounds of ND time of the network are theoretically derived for both 1‐way and 2‐way. This analysis indicates that the ND time is approximately linear growth with NDT‐Mutual, where the NDT‐Mutual is defined as the expected time for a node to complete mutual discovery with its neighbours. Then the theoretical expression for NDT‐mutual is derived, which is a function of the number of nodes. The asymptotic analysis reveals that when the number of nodes is very small, the NDT‐mutual of 2‐way is lower than 1‐way, while 1‐way performs better when the number of nodes approaches infinity. The number of nodes when 1‐way and 2‐way perform as well is further presented, which can be utilized to guide the selection of handshake mechanism in MANETs with directional antennas. Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy of our modelling for ND and the effectiveness of using NDT‐mutual to approximate who performs better with 1‐way and 2‐way

Water Supply-Water Environmental Capacity Nexus in a Saltwater Intrusion Area under Nonstationary Conditions

Due to water supply increase and water quality deterioration, water resources are a critical problem in saltwater intrusion areas. In order to balance the relationship between water supply and water environment requirements, the nexus of water supply-water environment capacity should be well understood. Based on the Saint&#8315;Venant system of equations and the convection diffusion equation, the water supply-water environment capacity nexus physical equation is determined. Equivalent reliability is employed to estimate the boundary design water flow, which will then lead to a dynamic nexus. The framework for determining the nexus was then applied to a case study for the Pearl River Delta in China. The results indicate that the water supply-water environment capacity nexus is a declining linear relationship, which is different from the non-salt intrusion and tide-impacted areas. Water supply mainly relies on freshwater flow from upstream, while water environmental capacity is affected by both the design freshwater flow and the water levels at the downstream boundary. Our methods provide a useful framework for the quantification of the physical nexus according to the water quantity and water quality mechanisms, which are useful for freshwater allocation and management in a saltwater intrusion area or the tail area of cascade reservoirs

Analytical Design Solution for Optimal Matching of Hybrid Continuous Mode Power Amplifiers Suitable for a High-Efficiency Envelope Tracking Operation

An analytical method to design a power amplifier (PA) with an optimized power added efficiency (PAE) trajectory for envelope tracking (ET) architecture is proposed. To obtain feasible matching solutions for high-efficiency performance of the PA in the dynamic supply operation, hybrid continuous modes (HCM) architecture is introduced. The design space for load impedances of the HCM PAs with nonlinear capacitance is deduced mathematically using the device&rsquo;s embedding transfer network, without the necessity of using load-pull. The proposed design strategy is verified with the implementation of a GaN PA operating over the frequency range of 1.9 GHz to 2.2 GHz with PAE between 67.8% and 72.4% in the 6.7 dB back-off power region of the ET mode. The ET experimental system was set up to evaluate the application of the PA circuit. Measurement results show that the ET PA at 2.1 GHz reaches the efficiency of 61%, 54%, 44% and an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 0.32%, 0.60%, 0.67% at an average output power of 34.4 dBm, 34.2 dBm, 34.1 dBm for 6.7 dB peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR) signals with 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths, respectively. Additionally, tested by a 20 MHz bandwidth 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal, 41.8% to 49.2% efficiency of ET PA is achieved at an average output power of 33.5 dBm to 35.1 dBm from 1.9 GHz to 2.2 GHz