Ethyl 4-anilino-3-nitrobenzoate

In the title compound, C15H14N2O4, the aromatic rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 78.33 (3)°. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond results in a non-planar six-membered ring with a flattened-boat conformation. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules. π–π contacts between the phenyl rings and both the phenyl and benzene rings, [centroid–centroid distances = 3.841 (3) and 3.961 (3) Å] may further stabilize the structure

4-Chloro-3-nitro­benzonitrile

In the title compound, C7H3ClN2O2, the Cl, C and N atoms are coplanar with the aromatic ring. In the crystal structure, weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules. The π–π contact between the benzene rings, [centroid–centroid distances = 3.912 (3) Å] may further stabilize the structure

Tri-p-tolyl­phosphine

In the title compound C21H21P, the P atom is situated on a crystallographic threefold rotatory-inversion axis, resulting in threefold rotation symmetry of the title compound. The dihedral angles between the symmetry-related benzene rings are 87.40 (18)°

(5-Bromo-2-methyl­phen­yl)(4-eth­oxy­phen­yl)methanone

In the title compound, C16H15BrO2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 68.5 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains parallel to the b axis

B-vitamin consumption and the prevalence of diabetes and obesity among the US adults: population based ecological study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The global increased prevalence of obesity and diabetes occurred after the worldwide spread of B-vitamins fortification, in which whether long-term exposure to high level of B vitamins plays a role is unknown. Our aim was to examine the relationships between B-vitamins consumption and the obesity and diabetes prevalence.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This population based ecological study was conducted to examine possible associations between the consumption of the B vitamins and macronutrients and the obesity and diabetes prevalence in the US population using the per capita consumption data from the US Economic Research Service and the prevalence data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalences of diabetes and adult obesity were highly correlated with per capita consumption of niacin, thiamin and riboflavin with a 26-and 10-year lag, respectively (<it>R</it>²= 0.952, 0.917 and 0.83 for diabetes, respectively, and <it>R</it>²= 0.964, 0.975 and 0.935 for obesity, respectively). The diabetes prevalence increased with the obesity prevalence with a 16-year lag (<it>R</it>²= 0.975). The relationships between the diabetes or obesity prevalence and per capita niacin consumption were similar both in different age groups and in male and female populations. The prevalence of adult obesity and diabetes was highly correlated with the grain contribution to niacin (<it>R</it>²= 0.925 and 0.901, respectively), with a 10-and 26-year lag, respectively. The prevalence of obesity in US adults during 1971-2004 increased in parallel with the increase in carbohydrate consumption with a 10-year lag. The per capita energy and protein consumptions positively correlated with the obesity prevalence with a one-year lag. Moreover, there was an 11-year lag relationship between per capita energy and protein consumption and the consumption of niacin, thiamin and riboflavin (<it>R</it>²= 0.932, 0.923 and 0.849 for energy, respectively, and <it>R</it>²= 0.922, 0.878 and 0.787 for protein, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Long-term exposure to high level of the B vitamins may be involved in the increased prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the US in the past 50 years. The possible roles of B-vitamins fortification and excess niacin consumption in the increased prevalence of obesity and diabetes were discussed.</p