Morphological changes in diabetic kidney are associated with increased O-GlcNAcylation of cytoskeletal proteins including α-actinin 4

Abstract Purpose The objective of the present study is to identify proteins that change in the extent of the modification with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) in the kidney from diabetic model Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, and to discuss the relation between O-GlcNAcylation and the pathological condition in diabetes. Methods O-GlcNAcylated proteins were identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting and peptide mass fingerprinting. The level of O-GlcNAcylation of these proteins was examined by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and in situ Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA). Results O-GlcNAcylated proteins that changed significantly in the degree of O-GlcNAcylation were identified as cytoskeletal proteins (α-actin, α-tubulin, α-actinin 4, myosin) and mitochondrial proteins (ATP synthase β, pyruvate carboxylase). The extent of O-GlcNAcylation of the above proteins increased in the diabetic kidney. Immunofluorescence and in situ PLA studies revealed that the levels of O-GlcNAcylation of actin, α-actinin 4 and myosin were significantly increased in the glomerulus and the proximal tubule of the diabetic kidney. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that immunolabeling of α-actinin 4 is disturbed and increased in the foot process of podocytes of glomerulus and in the microvilli of proximal tubules. Conclusion These results suggest that changes in the O-GlcNAcylation of cytoskeletal proteins are closely associated with the morphological changes in the podocyte foot processes in the glomerulus and in microvilli of proximal tubules in the diabetic kidney. This is the first report to show that α-actinin 4 is O-GlcNAcylated. α-Actinin 4 will be a good marker protein to examine the relation between O-GlcNAcylation and diabetic nephropathy.</p

A Universal Semantic Bridge for Virtual Machine Introspection

All systems that utilize virtual machine introspection (VMI) need to overcome the disconnect between the low-level state that the hypervisor sees and its semantics within the guest. This problem has become well-known as the semantic gap. In this work, we introduce our tool, InSight, that establishes a semantic connection between the guest and the hypervisor independent of the application at hand. InSight goes above and beyond previous approaches in that it strives to expose all kernel objects to an application with as little human effort as possible. It features a shell interface for interactive inspection as well as a scripting engine for comfortable and safe development of new VMI-based methods. Due to this flexibility, InSight supports a wide variety of VMI applications, such as intrusion detection, forensic analysis, malware analysis, and kernel debugging

146 A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON EFFECTIVENESS OF TELEMEDICINE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS134-140,3043

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a growing public health problem worldwide and is considered as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. Telemedicine approaches can have a positive influence on patient blood glucose. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of SMS and telephone calls on glycaemic control and its influence on medication adherence in type 2 diabetic patients. The prospective study consisted of 81 type 2 diabetes patients, assigned to three groups: Telephone group (n = 30), SMS group (n = 27) and control group (n = 24). SMS group received 4 messages weekly for 3 months and Telephone group received calls twice weekly. Their effects in reducing the HbA1c and FBS after twelve weeks of intervention were found to be higher in Telephone and SMS group than control group. Similarly, patients in the intervention group showed a significant increase in adherence after three months. Thus it was concluded that telemedicine represents a new approach to the management of type 2 diabetes