Unusual magnetic relaxation behavior in La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 and Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3

We have carried out a systematic magnetic relaxation study, measured after applying and switching off a 5 T magnetic field to polycrystalline samples of La0.5Ca0.5MnO3 and Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3. The long time logarithmic relaxation rate (LTLRR), decreased from 10 K to 150 K and increased from 150 K to 195 K in La0.5Ca0.5MnO3. This change in behavior was found to be related to the complete suppression of the antiferromagnetic phase above 150 K and in the presence of a 5 T magnetic field. At 195 K, the magnetization first decreased, and after a few minutes increased slowly as a function of time. Moreover, between 200 K and 245 K, the magnetization increased throughout the measured time span. The change in the slope of the curves, from negative to positive at about 200 K was found to be related to the suppression of antiferromagnetic fluctuations in small magnetic fields. A similar temperature dependence of the LTLRR was found for the Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 sample. However, the temperature where the LTLRR reached the minimum in Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 was lower than that of La0.5Ca0.5MnO3. This result agrees with the stronger ferromagnetic interactions that exist in Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3 in comparison to La0.5Ca0.5MnO3. The above measurements suggested that the general temperature dependence of the LTLRR and the underlying physics were mainly independent of the particular charge ordering system considered. All relaxation curves could be fitted using a logarithmic law at long times. This slow relaxation was attributed to the coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions between Mn ions, which produced a distribution of energy barriers.Comment: Accepted to PRB as a regular article, 10 figures, Scheduled Issue: 01 June 200

Specific heat and magnetic measurements in Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3, Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 and Ho0.5Ca0.5MnO3 samples

We studied the magnetization as a function of temperature and magnetic field in the compounds Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3, Nd0.5Ca0.5MnO3 and Ho0.5Ca0.5MnO3. It allowed us to identify the ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and charge ordering phases in each case. The intrinsic magnetic moments of Nd3+ and Ho3+ ions experienced a short range order at low temperatures. We also did specific heat measurements with applied magnetic fields between 0 and 9 T and temperatures between 2 and 300 K in all three samples. Close to the charge ordering and ferromagnetic transition temperatures the specific heat curves showed peaks superposed to the characteristic response of the lattice oscillations. Below 10 K the specific heat measurements evidenced a Schottky-like anomaly for all samples. However, we could not successfully fit the curves to either a two level nor a distribution of two-level Schottky anomaly. Our results indicated that the peak temperature of the Schottky anomaly was higher in the compounds with narrower conduction band.Comment: submitted to PR

Corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour of titanium nitride thin films grown on titanium under different deposition times

Ti and its alloys exhibit combination of unique properties for biomedical applications, however their poor tribo-electrochemical behaviour is a major concern. Therefore, TiN coatings were deposited on cp-Ti (grade 4) by sputtering technique aiming the improvement of its tribocorrosion behaviour. The properties of the coated samples, using different TiN deposition times, were characterized by using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, FIB-SEM, and nanoindentation. The corrosion behaviour was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization in 9 g/L NaCl solution at body temperature. Tribocorrosion tests were employed under open circuit potential by using a ball-on-plate tribometer with 1 N normal load, 3 mm total stroke length, 1 Hz frequency, and 1800 s sliding duration. The results suggested that the TiN coatings deposited during 80 min presented better corrosion and tribocorrosion behaviour as compared to the bare metal and TiN coatings deposited during 30 min.This work is supported by FCT with the reference project UID/EEA/04436/2013, COMPETE 2020 with the code POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006941, and M-ERA-NET/0001/2015 (FAPESP proc. #2015/50.280-5) project. I. Caha grateful for financial support through PhD grant under NORTE-08-5369-FSE-000012 project. The authors would also like to acknowledge Dr. Paulo Ferreira and Dr. Enrique Carbo-Argibay (International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory) for the provision of FIB facilities, and Prof. Grata Minas (Universidade do Minho) for the provision of profilometry

Electrostatic immobilization of antimicrobial peptides on polyethylenimine and their antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is a gram-positive bacterium, and one of the most prevalent causes of nosocomial infections due to its strong ability to form biofilms on catheters and surgical implants. Here we explore the antimicrobial properties of Tet-124 peptides, which are part of the innate defense against different multicellular organisms in nature. Two different Tet-124 peptides were immobilized on a polyethylenimine (PEI) film to determine their impact on the antimicrobial properties: KLWWMIRRW (Tet-124), which contains only natural amino acids, and KLWWMIRRWG-(F-Br)-G (F-Br- 4-Bromophenylalanine), a modified Tet-124 sequence with the addition of an unnatural amino acid. The immobilization was obtained as a result of the electrostatic interaction between PEI amino groups and the C-terminal carboxylic groups of tryptophan and glycine amino acids of Tet-124 and Tet-124-Br peptides, respectively. The process was monitored and studied by water contact angle, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) measurements. The antibacterial effect of our samples against S. epidermis was evaluated by the spread plate counting method, and cytotoxicity was tested using fibroblast cultures. Our results indicate the feasibility to immobilize electrostatically both Tet-124 peptides for biomedical application

Beyond Market Failures: The Market Creating and Shaping Roles of State Investment Banks

Recent decades witnessed a trend whereby private markets retreated from financing the real economy, while, simultaneously, the real economy itself became increasingly financialized. This trend resulted in public finance becoming more important for investments in capital development, technical change, and innovation. Within this context, this paper focuses on the roles played by a particular source of public finance: state investment banks (SIBs). It develops a conceptual typology of the different roles that SIBs play in the economy, which together show the market creation/shaping process of SIBs rather than their mere "market fixing" roles. This paper discusses four types of investments, both theoretically and empirically: countercyclical, developmental, venture capitalist, and challenge led. To develop the typology, we first discuss how standard market failure theory justifies the roles of SIBs, the diagnostics and evaluation toolbox associated with it, and resulting criticisms centered on notions of "government failures." We then show the limitations of this approach based on insights from Keynes, Schumpeter, Minsky, and Polanyi, as well as other authors from the evolutionary economics tradition, which help us move toward a framework for public investments that is more about market creating/shaping than market fixing. As frameworks lead to evaluation tools, we use this new lens to discuss the increasingly targeted investments that SIBs are making, and to shed new light on the usual criticisms that are made about such directed activity (e.g., crowding out and picking winners). The paper ends with a proposal of directions for future research