Childhood Asthma Utilization Rates in a Nonsmoking Population of Utah Compared to State and National Rates

Risk factors, such as parental smoking, are commonly associated with increased asthma symptoms and hospitalizations of children. Deseret Mutual Benefits Administrators (DMBA) is the health insurer for employees of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and their families. Due to religious proscription, employees abstain from alcohol and tobacco use, creating a cohort of children not exposed to parental smoking. Calculation of hospitalization rates for DMBA, Utah, and the US were made in children to compare rates between a nonsmoking population and general populations. Compared to DMBA, rate ratios for asthma hospitalization and emergency department asthma visits were higher for the US and Utah. The incidence of hospital outpatient department and physician office visits was significantly greater for the US population compared to the DMBA. This study demonstrates a decreased need for health services used by children not exposed to second-hand smoke

PhD

dissertationInfluenza causes considerable morbidity and mortality each year. Surveillance efforts in the United States are helpful for describing the influenza season (October through mid-May) but, due to reporting lags, are limited in the ability to provide early notification of the epidemic onset in a community. Here, we summarize the health impact of influenza and describe how influenza-like illness surveillance is currently conducted in outpatient clinics that contribute data to the Sentinel Providers Network in Utah. We compared data collection methods and found that clinics using automated methods had more complete data reporting with substantially lower personnel effort compared with clinics using traditional methods. Next, we describe the development of an outpatient surveillance system that applied statistical process control to the percentage of daily visits with a positive rapid influenza test. This system was developed using 4 years of historical data stored in discrete, searchable fields contained in the electronic medical records of outpatients visiting 10 clinics in the Utah Health Research Network (a clinic system contributing data to the Utah Sentinel Providers Network). Relative to traditional surveillance of influenza-like illness, rapid test positivity generated earlier signals of clinical influenza activity and had fewer false positive signals. Finally, we implemented our surveillance system prospectively to assess its ability to generate early alerts in real time. The real-time implementation generated a signal 19 days prior to the epidemic onset, which was similar to the median of 16 days estimated using historical data. We describe the impact on clinician behaviors related to influenza prevention that was associated with early notification generated by this novel surveillance system, and present lessons learned from the first year of real-time implementation. In summary, our surveillance system generated a signal 2??3 weeks before the epidemic onset in analysis of both historical data and real-time implementation. This compared favorably with reports by other authors of early signals generated using alternatives to traditional surveillance of outpatient influenza-like illness. The availability of rapid test results in the electronic medical record and simplicity of statistical process control methodology make this surveillance system relatively easy to implement in a clinical setting

Validation of Self-Report of Chest X-Ray Exam at a Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial Center

It is imperative to measure the degree of contamination throughout the course of randomized controlled trials, as contamination, the receipt of the intervention arm regimen by control arm participants, can affect trial power. In the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, contamination was estimated through use of the self-administered Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ) annually to a randomly-selected subset of control arm participants. We examined agreement of self-report of chest x-ray on the HSQ with clinic records at one of the 10 PLCO screening centers (Henry Ford Health System, or HFHS). We focus on HFHS participants covered by the Health Alliance Plan (HAP), a managed health care insurance plan owned and operated by HFHS, because claims for care received both at HFHS and other facilities are available in HFHS databases for HAP enrollees. We examined agreement for the six years prior to HSQ completion, with HFHS clinic records considered to be the gold standard. For those who had complete HAP coverage during the six years, percent agreement was 0.69, sensitivity was 0.84, and positive predictive value was 0.76. Specificity and negative predicted value were low, however (0.28 and 0.38, respectively), and Cohen\u27s kappa was 0.13. For groups with incomplete or no HAP coverage, and when timing of exam was considered, performance measures typically became lower, in some instances below 0.20. These data suggest that self-report of chest x-ray screening may not be accurate, although high prevalence of chest x-ray may make performance measures less interpretable

Phone-based motivational interviewing to increase self-efficacy in individuals with phenylketonuria

Objective: To measure change in patient activation and self-efficacy in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) before and after a 6-month phone-based motivational interviewing (MI) intervention and determine the feasibility of implementing dietary counseling for PKU using an MI approach. Methods: Participants (n = 31) included preadolescents (7–12 years), adolescents (13–17 years), and adults (18–35 years) with early-treated PKU. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing self-reported stage of change (SOC), patient activation, and self-efficacy for PKU self-management behaviors. The intervention included monthly phone-based dietary counseling using MI during which participants set monthly goals. Results: Patient activation and self-efficacy were significantly different by age group (both p < 0.01) with higher scores in older participants. Self-efficacy significantly increased from baseline to month 6 among adolescents and adults (7.4 ± 1.9 and 8.6 ± 1.3, respectively, p = 0.002). Preadolescents did not have a significant change in self-efficacy (p = 0.79). There was no increase in patient activation for preadolescents or adolescents/adults (p = 0.19 and p = 0.24, respectively). Indicators of learning problems were not significantly associated with self-efficacy (p = 0.33) or patient activation (p = 0.83). Conclusion: These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing phone-based dietary counseling for PKU using MI. This study also supports further investigation of MI as an intervention approach to improving self-efficacy and self-management behaviors in adolescents and adults with PKU

Strategies to increase rural maternal utilization of skilled health personnel for childbirth delivery in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review

Background Skilled attendance at birth is considered key to accomplishing Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.1 aimed at reducing maternal mortality. Many maternal deaths can be prevented if a woman receives care by skilled health personnel. Maternal utilization of skilled health delivery services in rural areas in low- and middle-income countries is 70% compared to 90% in urban areas. Previous studies have found community-based interventions may increase rural maternal uptake of skilled health delivery services, but evidence is lacking on which strategies are most effective. Objective To review the effectiveness of community-based strategies to increase rural maternal utilization of skilled health personnel for childbirth delivery in low-and middle-income countries. Methods We conducted a narrative review. PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles from database inception through 13 November 2019. Key search terms were pre-determined. Information was extracted on studies meeting our inclusion criteria: cluster and randomized trials, rural setting, reproductive aged women, community engagement, low- and middle-income countries. Studies were considered effective if statistically significant (p < 0.05). A narrative synthesis was conducted. Results Ten cluster randomized trials out of 5,895 candidate citations met the inclusion criteria. Strategies included home-based visits, women’s groups, and combined approaches. Out of the ten articles, only three studies were found to significantly increase maternal uptake of skilled health personnel for delivery, and each used a different strategy. The results are inconclusive as to which strategies are most effective. Limitations of this review include heterogeneity and generalizability of studies. Conclusions This research suggests that different strategies may be effective at improving maternal utilization of skilled health personnel for delivery in certain rural settings while ineffective in others. More research is warranted to better understand the context in which strategies may be effective and under what conditions

The impact of central IRB's on informed consent readability and trial adherence in SPRINT

Federal agencies have encouraged the use of central institutional review boards (CIRBs) for multi-site clinical trials. There is limited evidence supporting the use of CIRBs. Our aim is to evaluate how SPRINT sites regulated by CIRBs performed regarding informed consent readability and participant trial adherence compared to those regulated by local IRBs. We conducted a cohort study using the SPRINT clinical trial. We collected the IRB of record from the stamped and approved 2012 informed consents from each of the sites. We defined CIRB as an IRB for more than one SPRINT site. Our outcomes were informed consent readability measured using the Flesch-Kincaid readability scale and trial adherence defined as a loss to follow-up, consent withdrawal, and missed last 3-month visit. Sixty-one percent of all SPRINT sites used a CIRB as their IRB of record. The adjusted mean grade reading level for CIRB consents was 13.4 (95% CI 12.6–13.8) compared to 12.3 (95% CI 12.1–13.1) for non CIRB consents (p = 0.07). CIRB sites had similar rates of withdrawal of consent and loss to follow-up as non-CIRB sites; subjects missing the last appointment of the study were more likely to come from sites regulated by a CIRB. The Veterans Affairs CIRB had the lowest rate of withdrawal of consent (1.9%) and the lowest rate of missed appointments (1.9%) among CIRBs. Niether CIRB-regulated sites nor IRB regulated sites enforce the recommended readability level of the informed consent documents. Sites regulated by both IRBs had similar participant trial adherence