Analyzing Pattern of Mutation in mtDNA Using Markov Chain

Mutation in mtDNA becomes an interesting topic that needed to discuss. If someone has a mutation in his mtDNA, then it might be affect his health. Those effects could be some diseases or another variation that gives different characteristics. In study of mutation, there are two such things become the main problems: (1) does mutation occur dependently? and (2) what is the pattern? From the research (by 9 degrees of freedom χ2), DNA sequence shows a positional dependence. In addition, we can also see a positional dependence in mtDNA sequence clearly (position i-1, i, i+1 are dependent with i define as mutation) by sign test, which means, it is possibly that there is a pattern of mutation. This paper uses Markov chain to quantify the pattern and as results all bases will mutate if position i+1 is C or cytosine (±40%). Moreover, A, C, and G will mutate (become T) if position i-1 is A or adenine (54.5%)

Arsenic variation in soil layers in Bandung Regency, Indonesia: A statistical approach for identifying potential sources

This research investigates the arsenic concentrations in 96 soil samples from a regency in Indonesia using a statistical approach. Soil samples were collected from three depth layers (topsoil [10–20 cm], subsoil [50–60 cm], and deep soil [90–100 cm]), with each layer consisting of 32 samples. Statistical analysis using SPSS was employed to analyze potential arsenic sources based on the proximity of study locations to geothermal system areas, land use, distance from industry, and the presence of study locations on fault lines.The findings indicate that the potential source of arsenic contamination in the soil are suspected to be associated with geothermal system activities and the presence of soil samples on fault lines. The arsenic concentration in locations near to the geothermal system (5-10 km) was 45 times higher (OR = 45, 95% CI = 45–362.57, p  topsoil > deep soil, whereas in residential soil, it was subsoil > deep soil > topsoil. The arsenic concentration variation at near distances from industrial areas was topsoil > subsoil > deep soil, contrasting with medium to far distances from industry (subsoil > deep soil > topsoil). Therefore, these findings can be utilized to prioritize remediation efforts and provide input for future research on arsenic contamination in the region