Depression, anxiety and medication adherence among tuberculosis patients attending treatment centres in Fako Division, Cameroon: cross-sectional study

Background Tuberculosis remains a public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Patients with tuberculosis often suffer from anxiety and depression, which is likely to affect adherence to the long course of tuberculosis treatment. Aims This study sought to investigate depression, anxiety and medication adherence among Cameroonian tuberculosis patients. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2022 across five treatment centres in Fako Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews with tuberculosis patients using a structured questionnaire. Sociodemographic information was obtained, and the following tools were administered to participants: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Oslo Social Support Scale, and the Medication Adherence Rating Scale. Multiple logistic regression models were fitted to investigate determinants of depression and anxiety. Results A total of 375 participants were recruited (mean age: 35 ± 12.2 years; 60.5% male). The prevalence rates of depression and anxiety among tuberculosis patients were 47.7% and 29.9%, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the odds of depression were significantly increased by having extrapulmonary tuberculosis, non-adherence to treatment, having no source of income, household size <5 and poor social support. Predictors for anxiety included extrapulmonary tuberculosis, defaulting tuberculosis treatment for ≥2 months, family history of mental illness, HIV/tuberculosis co-infection, being married, poor social support and non-adherence to treatment. Conclusions The prevalence of depression and anxiety in tuberculosis patients is relatively high, and diverse factors may be responsible. Therefore, holistic and comprehensive care for tuberculosis patients by mental health practitioners is highly encouraged, especially for the high-risk groups identified