Effects of the Electronic Structure, Phase Transition and Localized Dynamics of Atoms in the Formation of Tiny Particles of Gold

In addition to the self-governing properties, tiny metallic colloids are the building blocks of larger particles. This topic has been a subject of many studies. Tiny particles of different sizes developed under three different experiments are discussed in this work. The development of a tiny-sized particle depends on the attained dynamics of atoms. When atoms of the compact monolayer assembly bind by a nanoenergy packet, the developed tiny-sized particle elongates atoms of arrays into the structures of smooth elements at the solution surface. The impinging electron streams at a fixed angle can elongate the already elongated atoms of arrays. Travelling photons along the interface influence the modified atoms. Gold atoms can also develop different tiny particles inside the solution. In addition to the dynamics of atoms, miscellaneous factors can contribute in the development of such tiny particles. Atoms in the form of tiny clusters can also amalgamate to develop a tiny-sized particle. In the third kind of tiny particle, amalgamated atoms can bind by executing electron dynamics. However, not all of the atoms can bind by the electron dynamics. This study very concisely highlights the fundamental process of developing a variety of tiny particles in which electronic structure, phase transition and localized dynamics of gold atoms influence the structure. The study targets the specific discussion that how atoms of tiny-sized particles bind, and how travelling photons along the air-solution interface influence their structure. Several possibilities may be opened through pulse-based process to develop engineered materials

Mediatorless N2 incorporated diamond nanowire electrode for selective detection of NADH at stable low oxidation potential

[[abstract]]The electrocatalytic properties of a N2 incorporated diamond nanowire (N-DNW) unmodified electrode towards the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was critically evaluated. The electrochemical behavior of the N-DNW unmodified electrode was examined and compared with that of boron-doped diamond, glassy carbon electrode, and graphite electrodes. The N-DNW electrode had high selectivity and high sensitivity for the differential pulse voltammetric detection of NADH in the presence of ascorbic acid at the lower and stable oxidation potential. Moreover, it exhibited strong stability after prolonged usage. The oxidation peak potential at the N-DNW electrode remained unchanged even after exposure to the solution, followed by washing, drying, and storage in laboratory air for 20 days, with minimization of surface contamination. Therefore, the N-DNW unmodified electrode shows promise for the detection of NADH and is attractive for use in a dehydrogenase based biosensor and other analytical applications.[[booktype]]紙本[[booktype]]電子

Enhanced electron field emission properties by tuning the microstructure of ultrananocrystalline diamond film

[[abstract]]Synthesis of microcrystalline-ultrananocrystalline compositediamond (MCD-UNCD) films, which exhibit marvelous electron field emission (EFE) properties, was reported. The EFE of MCD-UNCD compositediamondfilm can be turned on at a low field as 6.5 V/μm and attain large EFE current density about 1.0 mA/cm2 at 30 V/μm applied field, which is better than the EFE behavior of the nondoped planar diamondfilms ever reported. The MCD-UNCD films were grown by a two-step microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) process, including forming an UNCD layer in CH4/Ar plasma that contains no extra H2, followed by growingMCD layer using CH4/H2/Ar plasma that contains large proportion of H2. Microstructure examinations using high resolution transmission electron microscopy shows that the secondary MPECVD process modifies the granular structure of the UNCD layer, instead of forming a large grain diamond layer on top of UNCDfilms. The MCD-UNCD compositediamondfilms consist of numerous ultrasmall grains (∼5 nm in size), surrounding large grains about hundreds of nanometer in size. Moreover, there exist abundant nanographites in the interfacial region between the grains that were presumed to form interconnected channels for electron transport, resulting in superior EFE properties for MCD-UNCD compositefilms.[[incitationindex]]SCI[[booktype]]電子版[[booktype]]紙

Bias-enhanced nucleation and growth processes for improving the electron field emission properties of diamond films

[[abstract]]The evolution of diamond films in bias-enhanced-nucleation (BEN) and bias-enhanced-growth (BEG) processes was systematically investigated. While the BEN process can efficiently form diamond nuclei on the Si substrates, BEG with large enough applied field (> –400 V) and for sufficiently long periods (>60 min) was needed to develop proper granular structure for the diamond films so as to enhance the electron field emission (EFE) properties of the films. For the films BEG under -400 V for 60 min (after BEN for 10 min), the EFE process can be turned on at a field as small as 3.6 V/μm, attaining a EFE current density as large as 325 μA/cm2 at an applied field of 15 V/μm. Such an EFE behavior is even better than that of the ultrananocrystalline diamond films grown in CH4/Ar plasma. Transmission electron microscopic examination reveals that the prime factor enhancing the EFE properties of these films is the induction of the nano-graphite filaments along the thickness of the films that facilitates the transport of electrons through the films.[[journaltype]]國外[[ispeerreviewed]]Y[[booktype]]紙本[[countrycodes]]US