Comparative Analysis of Genes Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and DsRNA in Human Epithelial Cells

Epithelial cells are the primary target of respiratory viral infections and play a pivotal role in virusinducedlung infl ammation and in anti viral immune response. A common signal for the presence of viralinfections and induction of infl ammation is recognition of double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Thus far, therehas not been a high-throughput transcrptome analysis of RSV- or dsRNA-induced genes in primary humanbronchial epithelial cells (PHBE), nor there has been a comparison between dsRNA- and RSV-inducedgenes. To establish the transcriptome profi les and to determine the contribution of dsRNA in the inductionof infl ammation during respiratory virus infection, we compared the gene expression profi les of PHBE cellsthat were infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) or were treated with dsRNA. Our transcriptomeanalysis showed that RSV infection and and dsRNA treatment induced up-regulation of 2024 and 159 genesin PHBE respectively. Comparison of genes revealed that RSV and dsRNA commonly induced 75 genes inPHBE cells. The common up-regulated genes were functionally grouped in multiple response pathwaysinvolved in infl ammation and immune responses. Interestingly, there were several previously unreportedgenes that were up-regulated in primary human epithelial cells that are relevant to a TH2 allergic phenotype.This comparison of a high-throughput gene expression study offers a comprehensive view of transcriptionalchanges induced by dsRNA and RSV, and importantly compares dsRNA-induced genes with RSV-inducedgenes in PHBE cells. Keywords: RSV, dsRNA, transcriptome, immune response, infl ammatio

Comparative Analysis of Genes Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and DsRNA in Human Epithelial Cells

Epithelial cells are the primary target of respiratory viral infections and play a pivotal role in virusinducedlung infl ammation and in anti viral immune response. A common signal for the presence of viralinfections and induction of infl ammation is recognition of double stranded RNA (dsRNA). Thus far, therehas not been a high-throughput transcrptome analysis of RSV- or dsRNA-induced genes in primary humanbronchial epithelial cells (PHBE), nor there has been a comparison between dsRNA- and RSV-inducedgenes. To establish the transcriptome profi les and to determine the contribution of dsRNA in the inductionof infl ammation during respiratory virus infection, we compared the gene expression profi les of PHBE cellsthat were infected with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) or were treated with dsRNA. Our transcriptomeanalysis showed that RSV infection and and dsRNA treatment induced up-regulation of 2024 and 159 genesin PHBE respectively. Comparison of genes revealed that RSV and dsRNA commonly induced 75 genes inPHBE cells. The common up-regulated genes were functionally grouped in multiple response pathwaysinvolved in infl ammation and immune responses. Interestingly, there were several previously unreportedgenes that were up-regulated in primary human epithelial cells that are relevant to a TH2 allergic phenotype.This comparison of a high-throughput gene expression study offers a comprehensive view of transcriptionalchanges induced by dsRNA and RSV, and importantly compares dsRNA-induced genes with RSV-inducedgenes in PHBE cells.Keywords: RSV, dsRNA, transcriptome, immune response, infl ammation</div

PENGENALAN JENIS TERIPANG EKONOMIS PENTING BAGI MASYARAKAT DESA SULI KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH

Pemanfaatan teripang semakin meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya permintaan akan komoditi ini karena harganya yang tinggi. Pada beberapa tempat di Maluku, pemanfaatan teripang juga cukup tinggi, dan teripang masih ditemukan cukup melimpah di alam. Sedangkan pada beberapa lokasi lain, teripang justru tidak terlalu dimanfaatkan, karena masih rendahnya pengetahuan masyarakat akan manfaat dan nilai ekonomi dari komoditi ini. Pemanfaatan teripang juga masih terbatas pada beberapa spesies yang telah umum dikenal memiliki nilai jual, misalnya teripang pasir (Holothuria scabra), teripang susu (H. fuscogilva), dan teripang ananas (Thelenota ananas). Padahal, jenis teripang yang memiliki nilai ekonomis masih cukup banyak, dan sumberdayanya tersedia di perairan Maluku. Untuk itu, diperlukan upaya untuk mengenalkan jenis-jenis teripang bernilai ekonomis penting yang ada di Maluku. Desa Suli memiliki substrat pantai yang sesuai dengan habitat hidup teripang, namun pemanfaatannya masih sangat jarang. Sehingga dirasakan penting untuk melakukan kegiatan pengenalan jenis teripang ekonomis penting di Suli. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan, dijumpai bahwa masih banyak masyarakat yang tidak mengetahui bahwa ada banyak teripang yang memiliki nilai ekonomis penting. Selain itu, masih rendah tingkat pemanfaatan teripang maupun upaya untuk mengelolanya, misalkan budidaya dan pengolahan teripang. Setelah kegiatan ini, masyarakat semakin mengenal jenis-jenis teripang yang memiliki nilai ekonomi, harga jual dan pasarnya

Macroalgae exhibit diverse responses to human disturbances on coral reefs

Scientists and managers rely on indicator taxa such as coral and macroalgal cover to evaluate the effects of human disturbance on coral reefs, often assuming a universally positive relationship between local human disturbance and macroalgae. Despite evidence that macroalgae respond to local stressors in diverse ways, there have been few efforts to evaluate relationships betweenspecific macroalgae taxa and local human-driven disturbance. Using genus-level monitoring data from 1,205 sites in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, we assess whether macroalgae percent cover correlates with local human disturbance while accounting for factors that could obscure or confound relationships. Assessing macroalgae at genus level revealed that no genera were positively correlated with all human disturbance metrics. Instead, we found relationshipsbetween the division or genera of algae and specific human disturbances that were not detectable when pooling taxa into a single functional category, which is common to many analyses. The convention to use percent cover of macroalgae as an indication of local human disturbance therefore likely obscures signatures of local anthropogenic threats to reefs. Our limited understanding of relationships between human disturbance, macroalgae taxa, and their responsesto human disturbances impedes the ability to diagnose and respond appropriately to these threats

Macroalgae exhibit diverse responses to human disturbances on coral reefs

Scientists and managers rely on indicator taxa such as coral and macroalgal cover to evaluate the effects of human disturbance on coral reefs, often assuming a universally positive relationship between local human disturbance and macroalgae. Despite evidence that macroalgae respond to local stressors in diverse ways, there have been few efforts to evaluate relationships between specific macroalgae taxa and local human‐driven disturbance. Using genus‐level monitoring data from 1205 sites in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, we assess whether macroalgae percent cover correlates with local human disturbance while accounting for factors that could obscure or confound relationships. Assessing macroalgae at genus level revealed that no genera were positively correlated with all human disturbance metrics. Instead, we found relationships between the division or genera of algae and specific human disturbances that were not detectable when pooling taxa into a single functional category, which is common to many analyses. The convention to use percent cover of macroalgae as an indication of local human disturbance therefore likely obscures signatures of local anthropogenic threats to reefs. Our limited understanding of relationships between human disturbance, macroalgae taxa, and their responses to human disturbances impedes the ability to diagnose and respond appropriately to these threats