Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) gangguan kognitif ringan

The aging process of the brain could not be avoided. The changes in brain function related to aging is decline in the memory function e.g. anomia and speed of information retrieval from memory. These changes were the results of declines in learning or acquisition as a failure of consolidation process or decline in the ability to transfer information from primary to secondary memory. Memory impairment, forgetful, affected elderly people. The common complaints are anomia, recall, and retrieval, but could benefitted from cues. Memory complaint is not related on objective memory evaluation. This impairment is primarily due to delayed recall. These complaints are influenced by depression, anxiety, and personality trait and failure in dealing with memory strategy. Mild Cognitive impairment (MC1) is a transitional state between forgetfulness and Alzheimer disease. People with MCI are of high risk to Alzheimer dementia with a rate of 10-12 percent annually. Specific criteria of MCI are decline in recent memory, decline in memory performance on memory test, normal general cognitive function and not demented. Key words : normal aging - forgetfulness - mild cognitive impairment - Alzheimer\u27 diseas

Retrieval impairment in generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy and complex partial epilepsy

[no abstract available

The efficacy of specific patterns of movements and brain exercises on the cognitive performance of healthy senior citizen in Jakarta

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of brain movement and exercise in healthy senior subjects. Brain movement and exercise or Gerak dan Latih Otak (GLO) which comprised of muscles stretching, breathing exercise, and crossing the body’s midline of the eyes, head and extremities were performed two times weekly for two months by 70 normal healthy senior subjects. A pre- and posttest on 5 cognitive performance, consisted of visual scanning and tracking (VST), delayed recall (DR), verbal fluency (VF), digits backward (DB), and trail making test-B (TMT-B). The age range of the subjects was 48 to 70 years and duration of education ranged from 6 to 18 years or more. The results of the statistical analyses showed that all the subjects showed high significant increase performance on the five cognitive domains. Women performed significantly in all the tests, while in men the significant increase was on VST, DR, and TMT-B. No different significant increase cognitive performance could be obtained between the two age groups (below 60 years and 60 years upward) and level of education, except for the high education group. It is suggested that further studies with larger scale subjects and same methodology should be performed in several places in Indonesia. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 155-61) Keywords: brain movement and exercise, cognitive performance tests, age, gender, educatio