Introduction: Working with Academic Literacies

1. What does working with Academic Literacies mean "in practice"? 2. How can the transformative approach argued for in Academic Literacies’ theorizing be instantiated in practice(s)? 3. In developing a transformative approach, how might work in Academic Literacies usefully draw on and engage with other approaches to writing? Exactly how, when and in which specific contexts - geographical, institutional, disciplinary, stage of study - particular elements of Academic Literacies are valuable for developing a transformative approach to writing and reading in the academy were (and are) questions we all felt needed more consideration. This book is intended as a contribution to such a development, bringing together ideas, pedagogic case studies and critical commentaries from teacher-researchers working in a range of contexts, from undergraduate to postgraduate levels across a range of disciplines - including natural and social sciences - and a number of geopolitical regions - Australia, Brazil, Canada, Catalonia, Finland, France, Ireland, Portugal, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States

Association Between the Seat Belt Sign and Intra‐abdominal Injuries in Children With Blunt Torso Trauma in Motor Vehicle Collisions

Objectives The objective was to determine the association between the abdominal seat belt sign and intra‐abdominal injuries ( IAI s) in children presenting to emergency departments with blunt torso trauma after motor vehicle collisions ( MVC s). Methods This was a planned subgroup analysis of prospective data from a multicenter cohort study of children with blunt torso trauma after MVC s. Patient history and physical examination findings were documented before abdominal computed tomography ( CT ) or laparotomy. Seat belt sign was defined as a continuous area of erythema, ecchymosis, or abrasion across the abdomen secondary to a seat belt restraint. The relative risk ( RR ) of IAI with 95% confidence intervals ( CI s) was calculated for children with seat belt signs compared to those without. The risk of IAI in those patients with seat belt sign who were without abdominal pain or tenderness, and with Glasgow Coma Scale ( GCS ) scores of 14 or 15, was also calculated. Results A total of 3,740 children with seat belt sign documentation after blunt torso trauma in MVC s were enrolled; 585 (16%) had seat belt signs. Among the 1,864 children undergoing definitive abdominal testing ( CT , laparotomy/laparoscopy, or autopsy), IAI s were more common in patients with seat belt signs than those without (19% vs. 12%; RR  = 1.6, 95% CI  = 1.3 to 2.1). This difference was primarily due to a greater risk of gastrointestinal injuries (hollow viscous or associated mesentery) in those with seat belt signs (11% vs. 1%; RR  = 9.4, 95% CI  = 5.4 to 16.4). IAI was diagnosed in 11 of 194 patients (5.7%; 95% CI  = 2.9% to 9.9%) with seat belt signs who did not have initial complaints of abdominal pain or tenderness and had GCS scores of 14 or 15. Conclusions Patients with seat belt signs after MVC s are at greater risk of IAI than those without seat belt signs, predominately due to gastrointestinal injuries. Although IAI s are less common in alert patients with seat belt signs who do not have initial complaints of abdominal pain or tenderness, the risk of IAI is sufficient that additional evaluation such as observation, laboratory studies, and potentially abdominal CT scanning is generally necessary. Resumen Objetivos Determinar la asociación entre el signo del cinturón de seguridad ( SCS ) y las lesiones intra‐abdominales ( LIA ) en los niños atendidos en los servicios de urgencias por traumatismo torácico cerrado tras colisiones de vehículo de motor ( CVM ). Metodología Éste fue un análisis de subgrupo planificado de los datos prospectivos de un estudio de cohorte multicéntrico de niños con traumatismo torácico cerrado tras CVM . Se documentó la historia clínica y la exploración física del paciente antes de la tomografía computarizada ( TC ) abdominal o la laparotomía. El SCS se definió como un área continua de eritema, equimosis o abrasión a través del abdomen secundaria a la contención del cinturón de seguridad. Se calculó el riesgo relativo ( RR ) de LIA con los intervalos de confianza ( IC ) al 95% para los niños con SCS en comparación con aquéllos que no lo tenían. También se calculó el riesgo de LIA en aquellos pacientes con SCS que no tuvieron molestia o dolor abdominal con puntuaciones de 14 o 15 de la Escala de Coma de Glasgow ( ECG ). Resultados Se incluyeron 3.740 niños tras un traumatismo torácico cerrado en CVM ; 585 (16%) tuvieron SCS . Entre los 1.864 niños en los que se llevó a cabo un test diagnóstico abdominal definitivo ( TC , laparotomía/ laparoscopia, o autopsia), las LIA fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes con SCS que en aquéllos sin SCS (19% vs. 12%, RR  = 1,6; IC 95% = 1,3 a 2,1). Esta diferencia fue principalmente debida a un mayor riesgo de lesiones gastrointestinales (víscera hueca o asociadas al mesenterio) en aquéllos con SCS (11% vs. 1%, RR  = 9,4; IC 95% = 5,4 a 16,4). La LIA se diagnosticó en 11 de 194 pacientes (5,7%, IC 95% = 2,9% a 9,9%) con SCS que no tuvieron quejas iniciales de molestia o dolor abdominal y tuvieron puntuaciones de 14 o 15 en la ECG . Conclusiones Los pacientes con SCS tras una CVM tienen mayor riesgo de LIA que aquéllos sin SCS , debido fundamentalmente a lesiones gastrointestinales. Aunque las LIA son menos comunes en los pacientes con SCS que están alerta y que no tienen quejas iniciales de molestia o dolor abdominal, el riesgo de LIA es suficiente para que evaluaciones como la observación, las pruebas de laboratorio y potencialmente la TC abdominal sean generalmente necesarios.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/109632/1/acem12506.pd

A New 30 Meter Resolution Global Shoreline Vector and Associated Global Islands Database for the Development of Standardized Ecological Coastal Units

A new 30-m spatial resolution global shoreline vector (GSV) was developed from annual composites of 2014 Landsat satellite imagery. The semi-automated classification of the imagery was accomplished by manual selection of training points representing water and non-water classes along the entire global coastline. Polygon topology was applied to the GSV, resulting in a new characterisation of the number and size of global islands. Three size classes of islands were mapped: continental mainlands (5), islands greater than 1 km2 (21,818), and islands smaller than 1 km2 (318,868). The GSV represents the shore zone land and water interface boundary, and is a spatially explicit ecological domain separator between terrestrial and marine environments. The development and characteristics of the GSV are presented herein. An approach is also proposed for delineating standardised, high spatial resolution global ecological coastal units (ECUs). For this coastal ecosystem mapping effort, the GSV will be used to separate the nearshore coastal waters from the onshore coastal lands. The work to produce the GSV and the ECUs is commissioned by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), and is associated with several GEO initiatives including GEO Ecosystems, GEO Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) and GEO Blue Planet

A New 30 Meter Resolution Global Shoreline Vector and Associated Global Islands Database for the Development of Standardized Ecological Coastal Units

A new 30-m spatial resolution global shoreline vector (GSV) was developed from annual composites of 2014 Landsat satellite imagery. The semi-automated classification of the imagery was accomplished by manual selection of training points representing water and non-water classes along the entire global coastline. Polygon topology was applied to the GSV, resulting in a new characterisation of the number and size of global islands. Three size classes of islands were mapped: continental mainlands (5), islands greater than 1 km2 (21,818), and islands smaller than 1 km2 (318,868). The GSV represents the shore zone land and water interface boundary, and is a spatially explicit ecological domain separator between terrestrial and marine environments. The development and characteristics of the GSV are presented herein. An approach is also proposed for delineating standardised, high spatial resolution global ecological coastal units (ECUs). For this coastal ecosystem mapping effort, the GSV will be used to separate the nearshore coastal waters from the onshore coastal lands. The work to produce the GSV and the ECUs is commissioned by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO), and is associated with several GEO initiatives including GEO Ecosystems, GEO Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) and GEO Blue Planet