Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ON THE PROPERTIES OF DYED COTTON CELLULOSE

Textile dyes have been reported of causing various stages of contact dermatitis. Reactive dyes are widely applied in dyeing cellulose fiber based textiles (100% cotton), skin fibers (hemp, flax), regenerated cellulose (cellulose acetate, viscose), protein fibers (natural silk, wool). The human body comes in contact daily with such compounds. This aspect is important for elucidating their biological effects on the human body, in correlation with physico-chemical properties. Dyes are chemical compounds containing chromophore and auxochrome groups. Authors herein report results concerning the influence of UV irradiation with λ > 300 nm on the structure and properties of different colored textiles. Subjects to study were textiles painted with four azo-triazine based dyes which were exposed to 100 h UV irradiation time and irradiation dose values up to 3500 J cm-2. The five azo dyes were: reactive orange 13, reactive red 183, reactive yellow 143, reactive blue 204 and reactive red 2. Structural modifications as a result of irradiation were undertaken by UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was observed that during UV exposure there occurred partial dyes detachment from the textiles, accompanied by glucosidic units and dye photodecomposition by C–N bond scission and degradation of aromatic entities and azo based chromophores. Color modifications were also investigated. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose for all the studied samples

Photochemical Stability of a Cotton Fabric Surface Dyed with a Reactive Triphenodioxazine Dye

The paper describes the photochemical stability of a commercial triphenodioxazine dye (Reactive Blue_204) linked onto a cotton fabric. Preliminary studies have shown that as a result of irradiation, the dye and its photodegradation products can pass directly onto the skin under conditions that mimic human perspiration and cause side-effects. The cotton dyed fabric was photo irradiated at different time intervals. Standard methods were employed to evaluate the color strength at various levels of pH, temperature, dyeing contact time, and salt concentration. The influence of UV radiation at different doses (λ > 300 nm) on the structural and color modifications of the dyed cotton fabrics was studied. Structural modifications before and after irradiation were compared by applying FTIR, UV–Vis, and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR–CI) techniques. Color modifications were investigated with the CIELAB system. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose. High irradiation doses caused changes in the dye structure

NEW ECO-EFFICIENT PRODUCTS USED IN LEATHER INDUSTRY

In today's move to "sustainable production" the leather industry, as well as many other industries is recognized as a polluting one. Traditional chemical operations are polluting because of the levels of inorganic chemical waste. Process chemicals which are not consumed within the reactions necessary to convert collagen to leather are currently discharged to waste. These are usually applied during bulk production, such as inorganic agents from beam house and tanning processes, e.g. lime, sulphide, ammonium salts, sulphuric acid and sodium chloride, mineral tanning agents – mainly Cr(III) and the less common Al(III), Zr(III), Ti(III), Fe(III) salts -, whereas depending on the tanning process and the leather article produced organic chemical waste discharged comprises aldehydic and polyphenolic tanning products, bating enzymes, organic carboxylic acids and excess electrolyte stable synthetic fat liquors. It is rare for chemicals and water to be recovered for re-use from several of these process steps. Moreover, tanners worldwide are required to operate within strict legislative boundaries. Serious drawbacks continuously arise concerning the chrome–tanning process in leather industry and the environmental hazardous consequences of chromium containing effluents. In order to overcome this impediment, a great deal of research has been focused on developing chrome–free tanning methods in the past years, such as titanium tanning. In the present study, Ti–Al tanned bovine leather was characterized by means of SEM microscopy, EDAX elemental analysis, ATR–FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry TGA, and differential scanning calorimetry DSC techniques

Effect of Hardener Type on the Photochemical and Antifungal Performance of Epoxy and Oligophosphonate S–IPNs

Due to their highly reactive character and multiple crosslinking capacity, epoxy resins are one of the worldwide market-dominating classes of thermosetting polymers and are present in a wide range of technical applications, including structural adhesives, coatings and polymer matrices for composite materials. Despite their excellent features, epoxy resins are known to be highly flammable and possess low thermal stability and a brittle character and crack easily under impact forces. An efficient approach towards eliminating such drawbacks resides in obtaining epoxy-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, which possess excellent control over the morphology. The article describes the comparative effect of three hardeners (aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic) in the presence of an oligophosphonate (–R–O–PO(C6H5)–O–) (2 wt.% phosphorus) on the photochemical, fire and antifungal performance of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The networks are designed as future potential outdoor protective coatings for different substrates. The fire resistance capacity of the networks was undertaken with microscale combustion calorimetry before and after photochemical aging. Structural changes during photoirradiation were monitored via color modification studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, morphological assessment through scanning electron microscopy and mass loss measurements in order to propose the action mode of the hardeners and the oligophosphonate on the material properties. Microbiological testing was also undertaken with the aid of three specific wood decaying fungi as a first substrate

STRESS DISTRIBUTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE POINT OF FORCE APPLICATION ON THE UPPER FIRST PERMANENT MOLAR DURING DISTALIZATION

Starting from the premise that the tooth is a structure that may be deformed under stress, the study followed the distribution of stresses at the level of the upper first permanent molar, when using some distalization forces with palatinal, respectively vestibular application point, and evaluated the size and type of dental shifts. The investigation alsoevaluated the efficiency of the various devices of molar distalization, by means of a mathematical pattern and by applying a force with a constantpalatinal magnitude 3N and, subsequently, vestibularly, at the level of the upper first permanent M1, for simulating a real clinical situation. The study applies the method of finite elements for demonstrating the existence of molar tipping, as well as for analyzing the level of coronary/radicular stresses as a function of the application point of the distalization force. The mathematical pattern used in the study, created with SolidWorks2006 and COSMOS X PRESS programs, showed that, when thedistalization force is applied vestibularly, a larger coronary shifting, comparatively with a palatinally-applied distalization force, is observed

Experimental Study on Hollow Blocks with Wastes

The article presents an experimental study on concrete blocks prepared by using waste types such as fly ash as a cement substitution, waste of plastic bottles and wood waste as replacements for sand and polyester fibers waste as a dispersed reinforcement. The mechanical characteristics of concrete with fly ash and polyester fibers were determined. The influence of the type and dosage of waste on the mechanical strength is discussed. The concretes with fly ash and different dosages of waste were used for manufacturing hollow blocks that were tested in compression, and the behavior under load was analyzed. Failure in compression of hollow blocks was gradual and ductile

TESTING OF THE EFFICIENCY OF SOME ENZYMATIC MIXTURES, CONCERNING THE CONVERSION OF SEVERAL LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS’ SOURSES, TO REDUCING SUGARS

Three lignocelluloses substrates have been used, as following: Mischantus, Maize stalk and Wheat bran, in order to obtain fermentescible sugars, which will be transformed into bioethanol. The substrates were hydrolysed using commercial enzymes: MethaPlus (β-glucanase, xylanase, cellulase), Veron 191 (xylanase), Hep C (cellulase). The hydrolysis was performed at 550 C, for 20 h, at pH = 5,5. The best results were obtained by using MethaPlus enzyme. The efficiency of hydrolysis was 110.80 % for Miscanthus, 126.15 % for maize stalk and 118.76 % for wheat bran, reported to the control. The most enhanced quantities of reducing sugars were obtained in maize stalk, namely: 126.15 % using MethaPlus, 112.07 % using Veron 191 and 113.52 % using Hep C. The wheat bran was hydrolysed with enzymatic mixtures, for emphasizing the reducing sugars’ grow, coming from residual starch’s content (flour). In comparison to the control, the efficiency of hydrolysis was of: 181.004 % for MethaPlus-Veron M4 mixture, 168.83 % for MethaPlus-Veron 393 mixture, 205.86 % for MethaPlus-BG α-malt mixture and of 176.57 % for MethaPlus-Veron MX mixture. The enzymatic mixture which contains BG α-malt was the most productive, the hydrolysis efficiency being superior to all other variants