Genetic variation of Fusarium oxysporum isolates forming fumonisin B1 and moniliformin

Thirty single-spore isolates of a toxigenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, were isolated from asparagus spears and identified by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF) sequence analysis. In the examined sets of F. oxysporum isolates, the DNA sequences of mating type genes (MAT) were identified. The distribution of MAT idiomorph may suggest that MAT1-2 is a predominant mating type in the F. oxysporum population. F. oxysporum is mainly recognised as a producer of moniliformin—the highly toxic secondary metabolite. Moniliformin content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis in the range 0.05–1,007.47 μg g(−1) (mean 115.93 μg g(−1)) but, also, fumonisin B(1) was detected, in the concentration range 0.01–0.91 μg g(−1) (mean 0.19 μg g(−1)). There was no association between mating types and the mycotoxins biosynthesis level. Additionally, a significant intra-species genetic diversity was revealed and molecular markers associated with toxins biosynthesis were identified

Free Radicals, Salicylic Acid and Mycotoxins in Asparagus After Inoculation with Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum

Electron paramagnetic resonance was used to monitor free radicals and paramagnetic species like Fe, Mn, Cu generation, stability and status in Asparagus officinalis infected by common pathogens Fusarium proliferatum and F. oxysporum. Occurrence of F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum, level of free radicals and other paramagnetic species, as well as salicylic acid and mycotoxins content in roots and stems of seedlings were estimated on the second and fourth week after inoculation. In the first term free and total salicylic acid contents were related to free radicals level in stem (P = 0.010 and P = 0.033, respectively). Concentration of Fe3+ ions in porphyrin complexes (g = 2.3, g = 2.9) was related to the species of pathogen. There was no significant difference between Mn2+ concentrations in stem samples; however, the level of free radicals in samples inoculated with F. proliferatum was significantly higher when compared to F. oxysporum

Molecular Identification of Mating Type Genes in Asexually Reproducing Fusarium Oxysporum and F. Culmorum

Molecular Identification of Mating Type Genes in Asexually ReproducingFusarium OxysporumandF. CulmorumSexually (homothallic and heterothallic) and asexually reproducing species belong to theFusariumgenus. So far, there is no known sexual stage of theF. oxysporumSchlechtend.: Fr. andF. culmorum(W.G. Smith) Sacc. Knowing the reproduction mode is important for the design of successful control strategies, since they are different for clonally and sexually reproducing organisms. In examined sets of asexualF. oxysporumandF. culmorumisolates, the DNA sequences of mating type genes (idiomorphsMAT-1andMAT-2) were identified.MAT-1sequence was detected for 33 and 40% ofF. oxysporumandF. culmorumisolates, respectively. For the remaining isolates a sequence specific forMAT-2was amplified.</jats:p

Occurrence of pathogenic and endophytic fungi and their influence on quality of medicinal plants applied in management of neurological diseases and mental disorders

Due to increasing demand of medicinal plants (MPs), quality and safety more attention to the plant health should be paid. Among herb pathogens, especially fungi cause serious diseases in these plants decreasing yield and quality of herbal raw material. Some species, i.e. Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. are known as mycotoxin producers. Paradoxically, self-treatment with herbal raw material can expose the patient to mycotoxin activity. In tissues of some MPs species, asymptomatically endophytic fungi residue. It is known that they are able to influence a biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in their host plant or produce biologically active compounds. Until recently these microorganisms have been neglected as a component of MPs, the reason why there have unexplored bioactivity and biodiversity. The paper presents an overview of herbal plants that are used in the treatment of nervous system diseases. Pathogenic fungi that infect these plants are described. It focused mainly on species producing harmful mycotoxins. The publication presents a list of these mycotoxins and a brief description of their effects on human health. The second part of this article provides information on the occurrence of endophytic fungi in herbal plants and their effects on human health. Coexistence of fungi and medicinal plants is not fully understood but can be crucial to ensure health and safety of patients with neurological diseases and mental disorders

Analysis of Cadmium Accumulation in Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum L.) Depending on Soil pH and Fertilizer Level

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has great potential for the production of oil with functional properties. There are several factors drastically reducing the quality of linseeds. One of them is the cadmium uptake and accumulation in seeds. The aim of this study was to assess the control capability of Cd uptake level by fertilization and soil pH. The experiment was carried with four Polish varieties of linseed: Bukoz, Szafir, Olivin, and Jantarol. The soil with two different pH was used in the experiment: acidic (pH 4.5) and alkaline (pH 7.5). Two concentrations of aqueous solution of cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2) were added to the soil to obtain the final concentration of Cd: 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg of soil, respectively. The phosphorous fertilizer was supplied in the amounts of: 50 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha. The results revealed that the pH level is important factors in the cultivation of linseed. The cadmium uptake by linseed can be significantly weakened by increasing the soil pH. Among the four flax varieties examined, the highest seed yield with the lowest Cd content at the same time was obtained for “Bukoz” during cultivation with 100 kg/ha phosphorous fertilization and pH 7.5

Evaluation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) seed germination in relation to seed health and seedling emergence

Introduction: : Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is an important medicinal plant. Achenes of milk thistle contain sylimarin, protecting liver cells against toxic compounds