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Methods for collection and analysis of geopressured geothermal and oil field waters
Present methods are described for the collection, preservation, and chemical analysis of waters produced from geopressured geothermal and petroleum wells. Detailed procedures for collection include precautions and equipment necessary to ensure that the sample is representative of the water produced. Procedures for sample preservation include filtration, acidification, dilution for silica, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) extraction of aluminum, addition of potassium permanganate to preserve mercury, and precipitation of carbonate species as strontium carbonate for stable carbon isotopes and total dissolved carbonate analysis. Characteristics determined at the well site are sulfide, pH, ammonia, and conductivity. Laboratory procedures are given for the analysis of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, iron, manganese, zinc, lead, aluminum, and mercury by atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy. Chloride is determined by silver nitrate titration and fluoride by ion-specific electrode. Bromide and iodide concentrations are determined by the hypochlorite oxidation method. Sulfate is analyzed by titration using barium chloride with thorin indicator after pretreatment with alumina. Boron and silica are determined colorimetrically by the carmine and molybdate-blue methods, respectively. Aliphatic acid anions (C/sub 2/ through C/sub 5/) are determined by gas chromatography after separation and concentration in a chloroform-butanol mixture
Determinação do coeficiente de reaeração em rios através do uso do traçador gasoso GLP Determination of stream reaeration coefficients by use of GLP gas tracer
A oxigenação da água constitui-se em importante fator no desenvolvimento do fenômeno de autodepuração de rios. A reposição do oxigênio dissolvido pode ser representada pelo coeficiente de reaeração (K2). Neste trabalho foi testado o uso do GLP como fonte do traçador gás propano em ensaios de reaeração. Foram executados 15 ensaios em trechos de rios com características hidrodinâmicas distintas. Os experimentos mostraram que a utilização do GLP como fonte do traçador gasoso é viável, tanto do ponto de vista analítico, quanto do ponto de vista econômico. Do ponto de vista analítico, os resultados foram equiparáveis e até superiores à técnica tradicional de traçador gasoso. Do ponto de vista econômico, houve redução do custo para a realização de cada ensaio.<br>The water oxygenation constitutes an important factor in the development of self-purification phenomenon in rivers. The replenishment of dissolved oxygen in water can be represented by the reaeration coefficient (K2). This work was used propane contained in the GLP as tracer in reaeration tests. The tests showed that the use of LPG is feasible, both from analytical point of view, as of the economic. From an analytical standpoint, the results were comparable and even superior to the traditional technique of tracer gas. From an economic standpoint, the cost to perform each test has been reduced