Laboratory assignment for ARM Cortex-M3 microcontroller

Tato bakalářská práce obsahuje návrh rozšiřujících obvodů a tři laboratorní úlohy pro vývojový kit MBED NXP LPC1768. Dokument je rozdělen na tři základní části. První část se zabývá popisem mikroprocesorů ARM, vývojové desky a vývojových nástrojů. V druhé části bylo navrženo šest rozšiřujících obvodů. Z těchto obvodů byla navržena i realizována Deska periferií jako jednostranný plošný spoj. Pomocí této desky je možný snadný vývoj aplikací. Dále byl k obvodům vytvořen soubor knihoven v jazyce C++ pro jejich snadné a efektivní ovládání. V poslední části se nachází tří laboratorní úlohy – Digitální hodiny využívající hodiny reálného času (RTC), Měření vstupního napětí pomocí AD převodníku, Digitální teploměr s historií naměřených dat. U každé z těchto úloh byl vytvořen detailní popis řešení úlohy včetně vývojového diagramu. Tyto úlohy jsou koncipovány pro výuku mikroprocesorové techniky na elektrotechnických fakultách.This bachelor’s thesis contains expansion circuits and three laboratory assignments for MBED NXP LPC1768 development kit. The document is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the description of the ARM microprocessor, development board and development tools. In the second part, six expansion circuits were designed. These circuits have been used to create Peripheral Board in the form of one-sided PCB. Using this board, you can easily develop applications. A set of C++ libraries was created for easy and efficient operation. The last part is dedicated to three laboratory assignments – Digital Clock Using Real-time Clock, Input Voltage Measurement with the AD Converter, Digital Thermometer with a History of Measured Data. Detailed descriptions of the solutions for each of these assignments were created, including the flowchart. These assignments are conceived for the reasons of microprocessor technology teaching at the faculties of electrical engineering.

Design principles of cell-free replicators

Der heilige Gral der synthetischen Biologie ist die Erschaffung einer minimalen Zelle, welche sowohl zu autonomer Selbstreplikation als auch zu natürlicher Evolution befähigt ist. Bereits heute ist es möglich das zentrale Dogma der Molekularbiologie, also die Implementierung des genetischen Codes mittels Transkription-Translation, in vitro zu rekonstruieren. Doch die Kopplung dieses Prozesses mit einem vollständigen DNA-Selbstreplikationssystem war bisher nur auf ein paar Kilobasen (kbp) beschränkt, weit entfernt von den vorgeschlagenen 113 kbp die für eine minimale Zelle nötig wären. In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung einer Plattform für die transkriptions-translations-gekoppelte DNA-Replikation vorgestellt, genannt PURErep, welche in der Lage ist Genome mit der vorhergesagten Größe einer Minimalzelle zu replizieren. Als wichtiger Schritt in Richtung natürlicher Evolution kann sich der hier beschriebene Selbstreplikator pREP über mehrere Generationen fortpflanzen, sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo. PURErep ist modular aufgebaut und frei verfügbar, sodass es mit beliebigen Funktionen erweitert werden kann. Neben der DNA gibt es weitere Komponenten, die zum Selbsterhalt einer Zelle vermehrt werden müssen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass PURErep die simultane Co-Expression mehrerer seiner Proteinkomponenten ermöglicht. Diese Faktoren waren in der Lage sich aktiv an der Selbst-Regeneration des Systems beteiligen, was einen wichtigen Schritt in Richtung biochemischer Autonomie darstellt. Weiterhin wurden Möglichkeiten zur Selbstreplikation des komplexen Ribosoms erforscht, einem wesentlichen Bestandteil des Translationsapparates. Die de novo Synthese und Assemblierung solcher Ribosomen wird eine entscheidende Rolle für zukünftige Entwicklungen spielen. Ein weiteres Merkmal von Zellen stellt ihre Hülle dar, die Zellmembran. Eine von Grund auf neu geschaffene Minimalzelle müsste in der Lage sein, eine ähnliche Hülle selbst zu produzieren. Es wurde ein effizientes Konzept zur Selbst-Verkapselung des pREP Replikators entwickelt, welches vollkommen ohne zusätzlichen Energiebedarf auskommt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese sogenannten DNA-Nanoflowers Kernstrukturen bildeten und sich über Generation hinweg vermehren können. Insgesamt dienen die in dieser Arbeit dargelegten Entwürfe der Weiterentwicklung unabhängiger Selbstreplikatoren, welche vielleicht in der Lage sein werden eines Tages natürliche Zellen zu imitieren.The holy grail of bottom-up synthetic biology is the creation of a minimal cell capable of autonomous self-replication and open-ended Darwinian evolution. Reconstituting molecular biology’s central dogma, the implementation of genetic information via transcription-translation, is already feasible in vitro. Yet coupling this process to a DNA self-replication system has so far been limited to only a few kilobases (kbp), a far cry from the proposed 113 kbp proposed for a minimal cell. This work presents the development of a transcription-translation coupled DNA replication platform, called PURErep, which is capable of replicating DNA genomes approaching the proposed size of a minimal cell. As an important step towards Darwinian evolution, the herein described self-replicator pREP can propagate over several generations, both in vitro and in vivo. PURErep is modular and freely available, so that it can be extended with further functions as desired. In addition to DNA, there are other components that need to be replicated for the self-preservation of a cell. It could be shown that PURErep enables the simultaneous co-expression for several of its protein components. These factors were able to actively participate in the self-regeneration of the system, representing an important hallmark of biochemical autonomy. Furthermore, the self-reproduction of the complex ribosome was investigated, an essential component of the translational apparatus. The de novo synthesis and assembly of such ribosomes will be a crucial step towards future developments. Another feature of cells is their envelope, the cell membrane. A minimal cell created from scratch should be able to produce a similar compartment by itself. An efficient concept for the self-compartmentalization of the pREP replicator has been developed, which requires no additional energy and is entirely based on self-organization. It could be shown that these so-called DNA nanoflowers formed nuclear structures and could reproduce over generations. Overall, the designs laid out in this work serve to further develop independent self-replicators, which may one day be able to mimic a natural cell

Design of electronic speed controller for BLDC motor used in quadrocopter

Tato práce se zabývá návrhem a realizací elektrického regulátoru otáček pro BLDC motor, který bude použit v létajícím prostředku nazývaném kvadrokoptéra. V první části práce jsou vysvětleny způsoby řízení a bezsenzorové komutace motoru. Následně je popsán návrh vlastního hardware regulátoru. Pro tento regulátor byl naprogramován a odladěn řídící firmware.This thesis deals with the design and implementation of the electronic speed controller for a BLDC motor that will be used in a quadcopter. The first part of the thesis explains the methods of control and sensorless commutation respectively. The following part describes the design of the hardware controller. The control firmware was programmed and debugged for this controller.

CIRSE Vascular Closure Device Registry

The conclusion of this registry of closure devices with an anchor and a plug is that the use of this device in interventional radiology procedures is safe, with a low incidence of serious access site complications. There seems to be no difference in complications between antegrade and retrograde access and other parameters

Morphological changes of injected calcium phosphate cement in osteoporotic compressed vertebral bodies

SUMMARY: This study was undertaken to investigate the radiologic and clinical outcomes of vertebroplasty with calcium phosphate (CaP) cement in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. The morphological changes of injected CaP cement in osteoporotic compressed vertebral bodies were variable and unpredictable. We suggest that the practice of vertebroplasty using CaP should be reconsidered. INTRODUCTION: Recently, CaP, an osteoconductive filler material, has been used in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fractures. However, the clinical results of CaP-cement-augmented vertebrae are still not well established. The purpose of this study is to assess the clinical results of vertebroplasty with CaP by evaluating the morphological changes of CaP cement in compressed vertebral bodies. METHODS: Fourteen patients have been followed for more than 2 years after vertebroplasty. The following parameters were reviewed: age, sex, T score, compliance with osteoporosis medications, visual analog scale score, compression ratio, subsequent compression fractures, and any morphological changes in the filler material. RESULTS: The morphological changes of injected CaP included reabsorption, condensation, bone formation (osteogenesis), fracture of the CaP solid hump, and heterotopic ossification. Out of 14 patients, 11 (78.6%) developed progression of the compression of the CaP-augmented vertebral bodies after vertebroplasty. CONCLUSIONS: The morphological changes of the injected CaP cement in the vertebral bodies were variable and unpredictable. The compression of the CaP-augmented vertebrae progressed continuously for 2 years or more. The findings of this study suggest that vertebroplasty using CaP cement should be reconsidered.ope

Subarachnoid Space: New Tricks by an Old Dog

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to: (1) evaluate the subarachnoid space (SAS) width and pial artery pulsation in both hemispheres, and (2) directly compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to near-infrared transillumination/backscattering sounding (NIR-T/BSS) measurements of SAS width changes in healthy volunteers. METHODS: The study was performed on three separate groups of volunteers, consisting in total of 62 subjects (33 women and 29 men) aged from 16 to 39 years. SAS width was assessed by MRI and NIR-T/BSS, and pial artery pulsation by NIR-T/BSS. RESULTS: In NIR-T/BSS, the right frontal SAS was 9.1% wider than the left (p<0.01). The SAS was wider in men (p<0.01), while the pial artery pulsation was higher in women (p<0.01). Correlation and regression analysis of SAS width changes between the back- and abdominal-lying positions measured with MRI and NIRT-B/SS demonstrated high interdependence between both methods (r = 0.81, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: NIR-T/BSS and MRI were comparable and gave equivalent modalities for the SAS width change measurements. The SAS width and pial artery pulsation results obtained with NIR-T/BSS are consistent with the MRI data in the literature related to sexual dimorphism and morphological asymmetries between the hemispheres. NIR-T/BSS is a potentially cheap and easy-to-use method for early screening in patients with brain tumours, increased intracranial pressures and other abnormalities. Further studies in patients with intracranial pathologies are warranted