キョウシツ ノ DECENTRALIZATION : COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH ノ イチソクメン

世界での日本語学習者の60パーセントが中学・高校などの年少者だといわれているが、実質的効果 をあげるという点からみた場合、中学・高校の教師を養成する師範大学での日本語科学生の日本語教育は特殊な意義を持っているといえよう。 本稿は、永年日本語教育をやってきた過程において、自分なりに得たcommunicative approachに対する見解とその応用ともいえる教室のdecentralizationについて、私見およびその具体例について述べてみるものである。Young learners, including middle school and high school students, comprise 60 percent of all Japanese-language learners in the world. From this point of view, Japanese language teaching in normal universities has special meaning. The article relates the author\u27s view of the communicative approach learned during long periods of Japanese-Ianguage teaching in the university. He introduces decentralization of classroom learning activities that are based on the idea of a communicative approach, giving some concrete examples

Supplementary Information files for A gifted SNARC? Directional spatial-numerical associations in gifted children with high-level math skills do not differ from controls

Supplementary Information files for A gifted SNARC? Directional spatial-numerical associations in gifted children with high-level math skills do not differ from controls The SNARC (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes) efect (i.e., a tendency to associate small/large magnitude numbers with the left/right hand side) is prevalent across the whole lifespan. Because the ability to relate numbers to space has been viewed as a cornerstone in the development of mathematical skills, the relationship between the SNARC efect and math skills has been frequently examined. The results remain largely inconsistent. Studies testing groups of people with very low or very high skill levels in math sometimes found relationships between SNARC and math skills. So far, however, studies testing such extreme math skills level groups were mostly investigating the SNARC efect in individuals revealing math difculties. Groups with above average math skills remain understudied, especially in regard to children. Here, we investigate the SNARC efect in gifted children, as compared to normally developing children (overall n=165). Frequentist and Bayesian analysis suggested that the groups did not difer from each other in the SNARC efect. These results are the frst to provide evidence for the SNARC efect in a relatively large sample of gifted (and mathematically highly skilled) children. In sum, our study provides another piece of evidence for no direct link between the SNARC efect and mathematical ability in childhood

Phylogenetic analysis of Na+/K+ ATPase: Insight into the mechanism for the genesis of multi-isoforms of protein complex

One most notable trend during the evolution is the substantial expansion of genomes along with dramatic expansion of protein diversity. It has been discovered that, whilst in prokaryotes subunits of many proteinases axe encoded by single genes, these are mostly encoded by multi-genes in eukaryotes. To understand the mechanism for the genesis of multi-isoforms of protein complex, we have analyzed amino acid sequences of Na+/K+ ATPase from various species ranging from archaea to vertebrates. Phylogenetic relationship between the selected species was considered from the perspective of important functional domains of Na+/K+ ATPase including cation ATPase N termination, E1-E2 ATPase, hydrolase, and cation ATPase C termination of the a subunit, Na+/K+ ATPase of the beta subunit, and ATP1G1_PLM_MAT8 of the gamma subunit. Coincident trees, obtained through comparison of aforementioned domains of the alpha and beta subunits, were used to examine the evolutionary divergence. By conservational and phylogenetic analyses, evolution of the Na+/K+ ATPase was outlined. Evidence was also found that essential domains of the Na+/K+ ATPase have been conserved during the evolution. These investigations seem to imply that various isoforms of alpha and beta subunits of vertebral Na+/K+ ATPases have evolved from single ancestral alpha and beta subunit genes through duplication events. In addition, our results seem to suggest a third fate for duplicated genes, e.g. the duplicate may have the same function as their ancestor gene. The results may also provide important clues to the underlying mechanisms of genesis of Na+/K+ ATPase multi-isoforms

Cardiovascular Health and Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter: A Cross-Sectional Study from ELSA-Brasil

Abstract Background The association between ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) status and atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) diagnosis has been less studied compared to other cardiovascular diseases. Objective To analyze the association between AFF diagnosis and ICVH metrics and scores in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Methods This study analyzed data from 13,141 participants with complete data. Electrocardiographic tracings were coded according to the Minnesota Coding System, in a centralized reading center. ICVH metrics (diet, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol) and scores were calculated as proposed by the American Heart Association. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regression models were built to analyze the association of ICVH metrics and scores with AFF diagnosis. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The sample had a median age of 55 years and 54.4% were women. In adjusted models, ICVH scores were not significantly associated with prevalent AFF diagnosis (odds ratio [OR]:0.96; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.80-1.16; p=0.70). Ideal blood pressure (OR:0.33; 95% CI:0.15–0.74; p=0.007) and total cholesterol (OR:1.88; 95% CI:1.19–2.98; p=0.007) profiles were significantly associated with AFF diagnosis. Conclusions No significant associations were identified between global ICVH scores and AFF diagnosis after multivariable adjustment in our analyses, at least partially due to the antagonistic associations of AFF with blood pressure and total cholesterol ICVH metrics. Our results suggest that estimating the prevention of AFF burden using global ICVH scores may not be adequate, and ICVH metrics should be considered in separate