Decommissioning Planning of Offshore Oil and Gas Fields in Vietnam:What Can be Learnt from Mine Closure Planning in Scotland?

Due to the lack of necessary requirements in the existing regulations for decommissioning of offshore oil and gas fields in Vietnam, this paper makes policy recommendations based on the comparison between the decommissioning planning of offshore oil and gas fields in Vietnam and the similar closure planning of opencast coal mines in Scotland. The comparative analysis shows that there is interplay between the project context and restoration/decommissioning outcomes in the cases of three opencast coal mines in East Ayrshire, Scotland and X oil field in Vietnam. The influencing contextual factors in both cases can be categorized as biophysical and material conditions, community attributes, biodiversity’s interest, socioeconomic context and rules. Based on such analysis, additional issues should be considered while preparing future decommissioning plans and updating relevant laws in Vietnam. Particular challenges include compliance monitoring, shell mounds, drill cuttings, financial assurance, consultation with local communities and recognition of their interests, rigs-to-reefs, coastal communities’ socioeconomic development, and investment in research, training and education about oil and gas decommissioning

China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards the Middle East in the BRI Era:Energy Security Versus Geopolitics

China’s energy diplomacy towards the Middle East was started from the mid-1990s, after the country became a net oil importer in 1993. Driven by the concern of stable oil supply at the time, Beijing’s dealing with the region was to avoid taking side from the complex power struggles, and to rely on the United States to ensure regional stability. However, following China’s growing potential, especially with the launch of the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) since 2013, Beijing’s engagements with the Middle East have not only gone beyond traditional fuel of oil and gas into cleaner energy sectors, its energy diplomacy has also been embedded with geopolitical features. The chapter has selected two regional powers – Saudi Arabia and Iran – as case-studies to show the changes and the rationale of Beijing’s energy diplomacy prior and under the BRI era. It attempts to answer two main questions: what are the key factors behind the changes of China’s energy diplomacy towards the Middle East? And, what are the likely implications of Beijing’s new approach on regional stability of the Persian Gulf and its BRI? The analysis will look into the interactions between China’s energy diplomacy, Sino-US competitions and domestic politics of the chosen countries, in order to identify the key variables behind China’s dealing with these countries, and to predict the trend of China’s dealing with the Middle East as well as the geopolitical implications

China’s Energy Diplomacy Towards the Middle East in the BRI Era:Energy Security Versus Geopolitics

China’s energy diplomacy towards the Middle East was started from the mid-1990s, after the country became a net oil importer in 1993. Driven by the concern of stable oil supply at the time, Beijing’s dealing with the region was to avoid taking side from the complex power struggles, and to rely on the United States to ensure regional stability. However, following China’s growing potential, especially with the launch of the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) since 2013, Beijing’s engagements with the Middle East have not only gone beyond traditional fuel of oil and gas into cleaner energy sectors, its energy diplomacy has also been embedded with geopolitical features. The chapter has selected two regional powers – Saudi Arabia and Iran – as case-studies to show the changes and the rationale of Beijing’s energy diplomacy prior and under the BRI era. It attempts to answer two main questions: what are the key factors behind the changes of China’s energy diplomacy towards the Middle East? And, what are the likely implications of Beijing’s new approach on regional stability of the Persian Gulf and its BRI? The analysis will look into the interactions between China’s energy diplomacy, Sino-US competitions and domestic politics of the chosen countries, in order to identify the key variables behind China’s dealing with these countries, and to predict the trend of China’s dealing with the Middle East as well as the geopolitical implications