Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Iron deficiency anaemia as the most common nutrition disorder has only marginal reduction globally during recent decades, with the highest burden in pregnant women and young children. Insufficient iron storage and/or excessive loss of iron are common causes of iron deficiency anaemia. Therefore, understanding the complexity of the regulatory network required to maintain iron homeostasis and identifying the functional variants associated with iron metabolism should be fundamental and crucial to control and treat the iron deficiency anaemia. Sensitive and inexpensive measures to distinguish iron deficiency anaemia from the other kinds of anaemia should be developed for precise treatment. Original disease treatments combined with oral or intravenous iron therapy are key approaches in clinical practices. The integrated, multifactorial and multi‐sectoral approach with food‐based strategy and iron supplementation as the leading public health inventions is required to achieve iron deficiency anaemia control target. This chapter will focus on the advanced knowledge associated with iron metabolism, disease burden and health consequences of iron deficiency anaemia in different life course, newly parameters development in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia, therapy choice in clinical practice and public health strategies to reduce iron deficiencies in high‐burden areas

Onboard guidance system design for reusable launch vehicles in the terminal area energy management phase

A terminal area energy management (TAEM) guidance system for an unpowered reusable launch vehicle (RLV) is proposed in this paper. The mathematical model representing the RLV gliding motion is provided, followed by a transformation of extracting the required dynamics for reference profile generation. Reference longitudinal profiles are conceived based on the capability of maximum dive and maximum glide that a RLV can perform. The trajectory is obtained by iterating the motion equations at each node of altitude, where the angle of attack and the flight-path angle are regarded as regulating variables. An onboard ground-track predictor is constructed to generate the current range-to-go and lateral commands online. Although the longitudinal profile generation requires pre-processing using the RLV aerodynamics, the ground-track prediction can be executed online. This makes the guidance scheme adaptable to abnormal conditions. Finally, the guidance law is designed to track the reference commands. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed guidance scheme is capable of guiding the RLV to the desired touchdown conditions

HAI-178 antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles for targeted imaging and simultaneous therapy of gastric cancer

The successful development of safe and highly effective nanoprobes for targeted imaging and simultaneous therapy of in vivo gastric cancer is a great challenge. Herein we reported for the first time that anti-α-subunit of ATP synthase antibody, HAI-178 monoclonal antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles, was successfully used for targeted imaging and simultaneous therapy of in vivo gastric cancer. A total of 172 specimens of gastric cancer tissues were collected, and the expression of α-subunit of ATP synthase in gastric cancer tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry method. Fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles were prepared and conjugated with HAI-178 monoclonal antibody, and the resultant HAI-178 antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles (HAI-178-FMNPs) were co-incubated with gastric cancer MGC803 cells and gastric mucous GES-1 cells. Gastric cancer-bearing nude mice models were established, were injected with prepared HAI-178-FMNPs via tail vein, and were imaged by magnetic resonance imaging and small animal fluorescent imaging system. The results showed that the α-subunit of ATP synthase exhibited high expression in 94.7% of the gastric cancer tissues. The prepared HAI-178-FMNPs could target actively MGC803 cells, realized fluorescent imaging and magnetic resonance imaging of in vivo gastric cancer, and actively inhibited growth of gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, HAI-178 antibody-conjugated fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles have a great potential in applications such as targeted imaging and simultaneous therapy of in vivo early gastric cancer cells in the near future

Effects of birth weight on body composition and overweight/obesity at early school age.

OBJECTIVES The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased substantially. We aimed to characterize the effect of birth weight on body composition and overweight/obesity at early school age. STUDY DESIGN A total of 1669 children with available birth records from a double-blind cluster-randomized controlled trial exploring micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy were included. Data regarding school-aged body composition, social-demographic factors and health behaviours were prospectively collected. RESULT s: The study population consisted of 1004 boys and 665 girls aged between 7 and 10 years. The prevalence of overweight/obesity (>85th age-sex-specific percentiles) was 7.4% for boys and 5.0% for girls. Generalized estimating equation models were used to account for the cluster nature of the data. A significant upward trend across quintiles of birth weight was observed for fat mass index (boys: P for trend 0.002; girls: P for trend <0.001), fat-free mass index (boys: P for trend <0.001; girls: P for trend <0.001), and percentage of body fat (boys: P for trend 0.003; girls: P for trend <0.001). A birth weight in the higher three quintiles could increase the risk ratios [RRs (95% CI) third quintile: 2.88, (1.13, 7.32); fourth quintile: 2.40, (0.87, 6.66); top quintile: 2.31, (0.92, 5.80)] of overweight/obesity at early school age compared with the RRs of the reference group (the second quintile of birth weight) among boys. CONCLUSIONS Higher birth weight could increase the risk of being overweight/obese among 7- to 10-year-old boys in rural western China. Sex differences in this association need to be considered when planning interventions. RESEARCH REGISTRATION This trial was registered at www.isrctn.com with the identifier ISRCTN08850194

OR-008 ERK-BAX signaling is involved in GLP-1-mediated antidepressant effects of metformin and exercise in CUMS mice

Objective Both depression itself and antidepressant medication have been reported to be significantly related to the&nbsp;risk&nbsp;of type&nbsp;2&nbsp;diabetes mellitus&nbsp;(T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a treatment target for T2DM, has a neuroprotective effect. As an enhancer and sensitiser of GLP-1, metformin has been reported to be safe for the neurodevelopment. The present study aimed to determine whether and how GLP-1 mediates antidepressant effects of metformin and exercise in mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 8 weeks. From the 4th week, CUMS mice were subjected to oral metformin treatment and/or treadmill running. A videocomputerized tracking system was used to record behaviors of mice for a 5-min session. ELISA, western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine gene expression in mouse serum or hippocampus. Results Our results supported the validity of metformin as a useful antidepressant; moreover, treadmill running favored metformin effects on exploratory behaviors and serum corticosterone levels. CUMS reduced GLP-1 protein levels and phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), but increased protein levels of B-cell&nbsp;lymphoma 2-associated&nbsp;X-protein (BAX) in mice hippocampus. All these changes were restored by both single&nbsp;and combined treatment with metformin and exercise. Conclusions Our findings have demonstrated that ERK-BAX signaling is involved in GLP-1-mediated antidepressant effects of metformin and exercise, which may provide a novel topic for future clinical research

Children\u27s exposure to food advertising on free-to-air television: an Asia-Pacific perspective

There is an established link between food promotions and children\u27s food purchase and consumption. Children in developing countries may be more vulnerable to food promotions given the relative novelty of advertising in these markets. This study aimed to determine the scope of television food advertising to children across the Asia-Pacific to inform policies to restrict this marketing. Six sites were sampled, including from China, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Korea. At each site, 192 h of television were recorded (4 days, 16 h/day, three channels) from May to October 2012. Advertised foods were categorized as core/healthy, non-core/unhealthy or miscellaneous, and by product type. Twenty-seven percent of advertisements were for food/beverages, and the most frequently advertised product was sugar-sweetened drinks. Rates of non-core food advertising were highest during viewing times most popular with children, when between 3 (South Korea) and 15 (Indonesia) non-core food advertisements were broadcast each hour. Children in the Asia-Pacific are exposed to high volumes of unhealthy food/beverage television advertising. Different policy arrangements for food advertising are likely to contribute to regional variations in advertising patterns. Cities with the lowest advertising rates can be identified as exemplars of good policy practice

Dumbbell shaped craniorbital cavernous hemangioma.

BACKGROUND: Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit is a benign tumor mostly located behind the eye globe, but it rarely spread into the brain, which is called cerebral cavernous malformation as well, the lesion in the brain is irregular and enlarged blood. Here we report one particular case of craniorbital cavernous hemangioma. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53-year-old woman presented with exophthalmos of the right eye and reduced vision. Computerized tomographical (CT) scan showed osteolytic honeycomb radial changes of the outer plate of the skull. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed to obtain further details. T1-weighted (T1W) imaging showed slightly low signal mixed with small patchy high signal. T2-weighted (T2W) imaging showed uneven high signal. There was obvious enhancement in the middle and no enhancement in the peripheral bars. A surgically manage was performed using a left frontotemporal approach, the tumor excised fully, and the histopathology results revealed a cavernous hemangioma. The patient recovered well in the follow-up. Post-operative CT scan identified the lesion was successfully resected, MRI scan also showed full resection and enhanced signal from the presence of fat. CONCLUSIONS: Craniorbital cavernous hemangioma is uncommon, however within the cranium, they can lead to numerous complications particularly if affecting the visual apparatus. it could be diagnosed by imaging, which CT scan shows osteolytic honeycomb radial changes of the outer plate of the skull, T1W imaging shows slightly low signal mixed with small patchy high signal, T2W imaging shows uneven high signal, it is obvious enhancement in the middle and no enhancement in the peripheral bars. The surgically manage is the ideally treatment when there are some symptoms