Our pulsating world: The influence of earth movements on human development

It is very usual for people to say' Things are not what they used to be-even the climate is changing.' Of course it is. Everything is changing. Change is the order of nature. Nevertheless, change and development in the vegetable and animal kingdom are very largely the result of changes on the face of the earth. This change is so gradual as to be imperceptible to human senses, but what we call 'the solid earth' is really a pulsating body, growing, discarding, developing almost like a living thing, and the results of each period of development lie around us, if only we will look

Notes on a geological reconnaissance of Mt. Anne and the Weld River valley, south-western Tasmania

Major L. F. Giblin, D.S.O.. and Mr. A. V. Giblin during the Christmas holidays of 1920, 1921, and 1922, organised and led three successive trips into the little-known country that surrounds Mt. Anne. The parties met with considerable difficulties, and most of the available time was used up in the endeavour to reach Mt. Anne, so the opportunities for an investiqation of geology were few, but these fragmentary notes may be of assistance to future investigators. The area reviewed in this paper extends from the vicinity of Fitzgerald on the Russell Falls River on the north, to the junction of the Huon and Weld rivers, on the south. These points are approximately the end of cultivation in this part of Tasmania. The area is bounded on the west by the Huon River

A preliminary sketch of the glacial remains preserved in the National Park of Tasmania

This paper is offered as a preliminary and very general sketch of the district described, upon which more detailed examinations of separate sections may be based. The author cannot at present offer a complete geology of the National Park of Tasmania. Its size, ruggedness, and general inaccessibility, aided by the usually inclement weather of the mountains, make the task difficult, and demand a far greater expenditure of time than has been available up to the present. Much of the Park is still unexplored, and parts were first visited that some of the information contained in this paper might be gleaned. But an outline description is urgently needed, firstly as a frame into which more detailed investigations may be fitted, secondly, for the information of visitors, who, in annually Increasing numbers, spend holidays on the Park's highlands, and also as an assistance to the parties who are now inspecting this region in connection with water supply questions. As far as can be ascertained, the glacial remains on the Mt. Field ranges have never been described. They do not appear to have been observed, or at least their existence recorded, before the proclamation of the area as a National Park. There is, therefore, no previous literature on the subject to which to refer. Supplementary note printed at pages 177 – 179: Since publishing these statements my attention has been drawn to a paper, entitled "Climatic Cycles," published by Dr. (now Professor) Griffith Taylor, of the University of Sydney, in the American Geographical Review of December, 1919, in which, at pp. 292-3, he mentions the existence of glacial remains, cirques, moraines, etc., in the National Park, and also to the fact that an outline of the subject was compiled by the same author in January, 1919, for inclusion in a Tourist Department guide book, which, however, has not yet been published. Includes photographs, maps and supplementary not

Tasmanian physiography. Discussion on "Note on the isostatic background of Tasmanian physiography,"

Mr. P. B. NYE, M.Sc., B.M.E., Government Geologist. Like Mr. Lewis, I only desire to set forth my views as a contribution to Tasmanian geology. I cannot see eye to eye with Mr. Lewis in many points in his paper and particularly in regard to some of the major conclusions. In the first place, in view of Dr. Walkom's papers on the Mesozoic fossil flora of Tasmania (Walkom, 1924-1925), I think we ought to drop the term Jurassic as applied to any rocks in Tasmania. Fossil evidence points rather to their being Triassic and this period will probably be found to include the whole sandstone series. Much discussion ensuded

A further note on the topography of Lake Fenton and district, National Park of Tasmania

Visits to the Mt. Field Plateau since compiling my previous paper (Lewis, 1921) have confirmed all the observations therein contained, especially as amplified and explained by Professor Griffith Taylor, D.Sc. (Taylor, 1921). Lake Fenton is a paradox. It lies about 3,400 feet above sea level, almost at the top of a mountain ridge in the drainage basin of the Broad River. But the outlet, instead of draining down the slope of the hill to the river, breaks through the main ridge of the plateau in a gorge 500 feet deep into the Tyenna Valley. The lake is clearly of glacial origin, but the reason for the direction of its overflow requires further explanation

Correlation of the Tasmanian Pleistocene raised beaches and river terraces in unglaciated areas

This paper follows my attempted correlation of the Pleistocene glacial epochs (Lewis, 1934). Further study of the raised beaches and river terraces in the Derwent, Coal, and Huon River valleys has made possible a tentative statement of the late Tertiary and Pleistocene succession in Southern Tasmania. The whole problem has by no means been solved, but sufficient data are forthcoming to warrant recording as a basis for future work. This is the phase of Tasmanian geology which has received the least attention in the past, and it was not until the effect of the waxing and waning of the four Pleistocene Ice Sheets on the level of the ocean was fully understood that the various apparently contradictory features of our coastal plains was decipherable. Th

Note on the isostatic background of Tasmanian physiography.

Tasmanian physiography is so closely connected with the great occurrences of dolerite (diabase) that a correct understanding of the one is essential for the deciphering of the other. Every worker in geology in Tasmania has made some contribution towards the elucidation of the problem, and this paper merely carries our knowledge a little further. The statements here contained are not proved; and await further confirmation. To summarise, then, the physical outline of Tasmania is framed on blocks of country elevated to varying altitudes and consisting of relatively soft sediments with sills of very hard igneous rock intruded at various horizons. Previous to this elevation a definite topography had been eroded, the igneous rock modifying this considerably, and this topography was elevated or not according to its position. In the course of the elevation, again, the igneous rock modified the lines of break, and after elevation it largely controlled the rate of erosion. Subsequent to this elevation, the agents of-erosion, chiefly frost, snow, and ice, on the highlands have moulded the details of the landscape, and some slight faulting has added a few features locally

Towards an integrated atom chip

The field of atom chips is a relatively new area of research which is rapidly becoming of great interest to the scientific community. It started out as a small branch of cold atom physics which has quickly grown into a multidisciplinary subject. It now encompasses topics from fundamental atomic and quantum theory, optics and laser science, to the engineering of ultra sensitive sensors.In this thesis the first steps are taken towards a truly integrated atom chip device for real world applications. Multiple devices are presented that allow the trapping, cooling, manipulation and counting of atoms. Each device presents a new component required for the integration and miniaturisation of atom chips into a single device, capable of being used as a sensor.Initially, a wire trap was created capable of trapping and splitting a cloud of BoseEinstein condensate (BEC) for use in atom interferometry. Using this chip a BEC has been successfully created, trapped and coherent splitting of this cloud has been achieved.Subsequently, the integration and simplification of the initial trapping process was approached. In all the experiments to date, atoms are initially collected from a warm vapour by a magneto-optical trap (MOT). This thesis presents a new approach in which microscopic pyramidal MOTs’ are integrated into the chip itself. This greatly reduces the number of optical components and helps to simplify the process significantly.Also presented is a method for creating a planar-concave micro-cavity capable of single atom detection. One such cavity consists of a concave mirror fabricated in silicon and the planar tip of an optical fibre. The performance of the resonators is highly dependent on the surface roughness and shape profile of the concave mirrors therefore a detailed study into the fabrication technique and its effects on these parameters was undertaken. Using such cavities single atom detection has been shown to be possible. These cavities have also been sccessfully integrated into an atom wire guide.Finally a co-sputtered amorphous silicon/titanium (a-Si/Ti) nanocomposite material was created and studied for its use as a novel structural material. This material is potentially suitable for integrated circuitry (IC)/Micro-electromechanical- systems (MEMS) integration. The material’s electrical and structural properties were investigated and initial results suggest that a-Si/Ti has the potential to be a compelling structural material for future IC/MEMS integration.To build all of these devices, a full range of standard microfabrication techniques was necessary as well as some non standard processes that required considerable process development such as the electrochemical deposition.This thesis presents a tool box of fabrication techniques for creating various components capable of different tasks that can be integrated into a single device. Each component has been successfully demonstrated in laboratory conditions. This represents a significant step toward a real world atom chip device