Parent-Reported Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children with Intermittent Exotropia before and after Strabismus Surgery

∙ The authors have no financial conflicts of interest. © Copyright: Yonsei University College of Medicine 2012 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Licens

Contrast Sensitivity Function of Sound Eye after Occlusion Therapy in the Amblyopic Children

To verify the changes of mesopic and photopic contrast sensitivity function of sound eye whose visual acuity was kept the same after occlusion therapy in the amblyopic children. Fourteen sound eyes of amblyopic children (mean; 7.67 years; S.D., 1.50 years) who kept their visual acuity the same after the occlusion therapy were tested. The children had 6 hours of part-time patch therapy for 3 months prior to this examination. Among 14 amblyopic children, 8 were anisometric and 6 were strabismic amblyopes. Using the visual capacity analyzer which measures the minimal contrast level at from low to high spatial frequencies, the contrast sensitivity of sound eye was measured, under both photopic and mesopic condition, before and after 3 months of occlusion therapy. Comparing the contrast sensitivity of sound eye after the occlusion therapy to that before the occlusion, there was no statistical difference in photopic condition. When it comes to mesopic condition, the contrast sensitivity decreased at the intermediate spatial frequency level (3-13 c.p.d, p=0.028) after the occlusion therapy. The occlusion caused statistically significant decrease in mesopic contrast sensitivity, when the visual acuity was not changed after the occlusion therapy. It may indicate that mesopic contrast sensitivity can be considered as a useful tool for early detection of hidden occlusion amblyopia

Social cognition in children with epilepsy in mainstream education

AIM To establish whether deficits in social cognition are present in children with generalised or focal epilepsy in mainstream education, and whether any relation exists between social cognition, communication, and behaviour measures. METHOD In a cross-sectional study, children with an epilepsy-only diagnoses in mainstream education (n=20 with generalized epilepsy; eight males, 12 females; mean age 11y 6mo, SD 2y 6mo; and n=27 with focal epilepsy; 12 males, 15 females; mean age 11y 8mo, SD 2y 2mo) and comparison participants (n=57; 28 males, 29 females; mean age 11y 2mo, SD 2y 4mo) were administered the Strange Stories task and the Mind in the Eyes task, as well as an IQ assessment. Parents completed the Children’s Communication Checklist-2 and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). RESULTS Both groups of children with epilepsy performed more poorly than control children on the Mental Stories component of the Strange Stories task, F(2,101)=3.2, p<0.001. Performance on Mental Stories was related to pragmatic communication, but only in the generalized epilepsy group (r=0.51, p=0.03, 95% CI=0.2–0.8). There were no differences between epilepsy groups or control participants in the Mind in the Eyes task, F(2,101)=0.4, p=0.4. INTERPRETATION Children with ‘epilepsy only’ are at risk of deficits in social cognition and may require appropriate support

Carer evaluations of paediatric epilepsy services with and without Epilepsy Specialist Nurse provision

Purpose To compare paediatric epilepsy services with and without Epilepsy Specialist Nurse (ESN) provision on measures of carer satisfaction and accessibility of service. Methods In Study 1, carers in Northern England (n = 69 with an ESN, n = 27 without an ESN), completed the Parent Report of Psychosocial Care Scale to measure satisfaction with service provision. A measure of accessibility of service was also included. In Study 2, in depth semi-structured interviews with 58 carers (51 of whom had also participated in Study 1) were examined for talk related to accessibility of service. Results In Study 1, Satisfaction with service levels were high across all areas, (ESN areas Mdn = 9.04, IQR = 1.48, non-ESN areas Mdn = 8.29, IQR = 2.41; maximum score = 10), but with carers from ESN areas over 3 times more likely to endorse scores at the median or above relative to non-ESN areas (OR = 3.28). For accessibility, carers in ESN areas were over 5 times more likely to have a median score or higher (ESN areas Mdn = 10, IQR = 0.45, non-ESN areas Mdn = 8.4, IQR = 5, OR = 5.43). In study 2 a majority of all carers reported having made at least one attempt to contact services between appointments, for a wide range of reasons, with timely resolution reported in ESN areas, but more variable resolution occurring in non-ESN areas. Conclusion Paediatric ESNs provide a critical and timely service to children with epilepsy and their carers

Parallel Actin-Independent Recycling Pathways Polarize Cdc42 in Budding Yeast

The highly conserved Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 is an essential regulator of polarity in many different cell types. During polarity establishment, Cdc42 becomes concentrated at a cortical site, where it interacts with downstream effectors to orient the cytoskeleton along the front-back axis. To concentrate Cdc42, loss of Cdc42 by diffusion must be balanced by recycling to the front. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) Rdi1 recycles Cdc42 through the cytoplasm. Loss of Rdi1 slowed but did not eliminate Cdc42 accumulation at the front, suggesting the existence of other recycling pathways. One proposed pathway involves actin-directed trafficking of vesicles carrying Cdc42 to the front. However, we found no role for F-actin in Cdc42 concentration, even in rdi1 Delta cells. Instead, Cdc42 was still able to exchange between the membrane and cytoplasm in rdi1 Delta cells, albeit at a reduced rate. Membrane-cytoplasm exchange of GDP-Cdc42 was faster than that of GTP-Cdc42, and computational modeling indicated that such exchange would suffice to promote polarization. We also uncovered a novel role for the Cdc42-directed GTPase-activating protein (GAP) Bem2 in Cdc42 polarization. Bem2 was known to act in series with Rdi1 to promote recycling of Cdc42, but we found that rdi1 Delta bem2 Delta mutants were synthetically lethal, suggesting that they also act in parallel. We suggest that GAP activity cooperates with the GDI to counteract the dissipative effect of a previously unappreciated pathway whereby GTP-Cdc42 escapes from the polarity site through the cytoplasm

Phase II Trial of Simple Oral Therapy with Capecitabine and Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer: SWOG S0430

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139899/1/onco0179.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/139899/2/onco0179-sup-0001.pd

Hunter-Gatherer Children at School: A View From the Global South

Universal formal education is a major global development goal. Yet hunter-gatherer communities have extremely low participation rates in formal schooling, even in comparison with other marginalized groups. Here, we review the existing literature to identify common challenges faced by hunter-gatherer children in formal education systems in the Global South. We find that hunter-gatherer children are often granted extensive personal autonomy, which is at odds with the hierarchical culture of school. Hunter-gatherer children face economic, infrastructural, social, cultural, and structural barriers that negatively affect their school participation. While schools have been identified as a risk to the transmission of hunter-gatherer values, languages, and traditional knowledge, they are also viewed by hunter-gatherer communities as a source of economic and cultural empowerment. These observations highlight the need for hunter-gatherer communities to decide for themselves the purpose school serves, and whether children should be compelled to attend

The TAM receptor Mertk protects against neuroinvasive viral infection by maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity

The TAM receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk are receptor tyrosine kinases that dampen host innate immune responses following engagement with their ligands, Gas6 and Protein S, which recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells. In a form of apoptotic mimicry, many enveloped viruses display phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of their membranes, enabling TAM receptor activation and down-regulation of antiviral responses. Accordingly, we hypothesized that a deficiency of TAM receptors would enhance antiviral responses and protect against viral infection. Unexpectedly, mice lacking Mertk and/or Axl but not Tyro3 exhibited greater vulnerability to infection with neuroinvasive West Nile and La Crosse viruses. This phenotype was associated with increased blood-brain barrier permeability, which enhanced virus entry into and infection of the brain. Activation of Mertk synergized with IFN-β to tighten cell junctions and prevent virus transit across brain microvascular endothelial cells. Because TAM receptors restrict pathogenesis of neuroinvasive viruses, these findings have implications for TAM antagonists that are currently in clinical development