Motivic Landweber exact theories and their effective covers

Let $k$ be a field of characteristic zero and let $(F,R)$ be a Landweber exact formal group law. We consider a Landweber exact $T$-spectrum $\mathcal{E}:=R\otimes_{\mathbb{L}}\text{MGL}$ and its effective cover $f_0\mathcal{E}\to \mathcal{E}$ with respect to Voevodsky's slice tower. The coefficient ring $R_0$ of $f_0\mathcal{E}$ is the subring of $R$ consisting of elements of $R$ of non-positive degree; the power series $F\in R[[u,v]]$ has coefficients in $R_0$ although $(F,R_0)$ is not necessarily Landweber exact. We show that the geometric part $X\mapsto f_0\mathcal{E}^*(X):=(f_0\mathcal{E})^{2*,*}(X)$ of $f_0\mathcal{E}$ is canonically isomorphic to the oriented cohomology theory $X\mapsto R_0 \otimes_{\mathbb{L}} \Omega^*(X)$, where $\Omega^*$ is the theory of algebraic cobordism, as defined by Levine-Morel. This recovers results of Dai-Levine as the special case of algebraic $K$-theory and its effective cover, connective algebraic $K$-theory.Comment: 23 pages. Corrections to the proof of lemma 3.5 (formerly lemma 3.6). Proof of the main theorem 6.2 (formerly theorem 6.3) reorganised. Minor changes to the introduction and the proofs of proposition 3.8 and theorem 3.9. Some unnecessary material removed from sections 4 and 5. Title is changed: "connective" replaced by "effective". arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1212.022

A Public Voice for Youth: The Audience Problem in Digital Media and Civic Education

Part of the Volume on Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth.Students should have opportunities to create digital media in schools. This is a promising way to enhance their "civic engagement," which comprises political activism, deliberation, problem-solving, and participation in shaping a culture. All these forms of civic engagement require the effective use of a "public voice," which should be taught as part of digital media education. To provide digital media courses that teach civic engagement will mean overcoming several challenges, including a lack of time, funding, and training. An additional problem is especially relevant to the question of public voice. Students must find appropriate audiences for their work in a crowded media environment dominated by commercial products. The chapter concludes with strategies for building audiences, the most difficult but promising of which is to turn adolescents' offline communities -- especially high schools -- into more genuine communities

Explanation of and Experience Under the Family and Medical Leave Act

CRS_February_2003_Explanation_of_Experience_Under_FMLA.pdf: 1196 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

The Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) and the Welfare-to-Work (WtW) Tax Credit

The Work Opportunity Tax Credit and Welfare-to-Work Tax Credit are temporary provisions of the Internal Revenue Code. Since their initiation in the mid-1990s, the Congress has allowed the credits to lapse four of the five times they were up for reauthorization. In each instance, they were reinstated retroactive to their expiration dates as part of large tax-related measures. The employment tax credits never have been addressed independently of broader legislation. This report describes the WOTC and WtW Tax Credit and outlines issues for members of Congress

An Analysis of the Distribution of Wealth Across Households, 1989-2010

[Excerpt] Different views about the impact of redistributive policies on long-term economic growth underlie congressional deliberations on such issues as taxation and social welfare. To help inform these policy debates, this report analyzes data from the 1989 to 2010 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) on the trend in the distribution of wealth across households. The roles of stock and home ownership in wealth accumulation are subsequently examined. The report closes with a review of explanations for the accumulation and distribution of wealth across households

Job Growth During the Recovery

[Excerpt] Congress in recent years passed a number of bills intended in part to jump-start a recovery in the labor market from the recession that began in December 2007. Members of the 112th Congress are interested in the labor market’s response to these measures to help them decide how well the legislation has worked and whether additional job-creation legislation may be warranted in light of the pace and composition of job growth since the recession’s end in June 2009. Accordingly, employment data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics is analyzed in this report from December 2007 to June 2009 (the recession), from June 2009 to April 2012 (the recovery through the latest month for which data were available at the time of the report’s preparation), and from December 2007 to April 2012

Job Growth During the Recovery

[Excerpt] Congress in recent years passed a number of bills intended in part to jump-start a recovery in the labor market from the recession that began in December 2007. Policymakers are interested in how employment has responded to stimulus measures to determine how effective the legislation has been and to decide whether additional job creation legislation is warranted. A “jobless recovery” has been underway since the recession’s end in June 2009. That is to say, the number of jobs at private and public sector employers generally decreased between June 2009 and August 2010. After falling in the second half of 2009, overall employment rose through May 2010 partly as a result of the Census Bureau hiring workers temporarily to help conduct the decennial count of the population. Total employment subsequently resumed declining, driven in part by state and local governments laying off workers in an effort to address budget shortfalls. In contrast, after decreasing for six months from the recession’s end, the number of jobs in the private sector (i.e., excluding federal, state and local government) began to steadily increase in January 2010. Despite this recent job growth, there were fewer jobs at private sector firms in August 2010 than at the recession’s end. Employment rebounded faster during almost all of the prior 10 recoveries of the postwar period. At a comparable point in the business cycle (14 months into the current recovery as of August 2010), the number of jobs overall and in the private sector exceeded their levels at the start of eight earlier recoveries. The exceptions are the two recoveries that immediately preceded the current one (i.e., the recoveries that followed the 1990-1991 and 2001 recessions)

Unemployment Through Layoffs: What Are the Underlying Reasons?

CRS_April_2005_Unemployment_Through_Layoffs.pdf: 6598 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

The Gender Wage Gap and Pay Equity: Is Comparable Worth the Next Step?

This report examines the trend in the male-female wage gap and the explanations offered for its existence. Remedies proposed for the gender wage gap’s amelioration are addressed, with an in-depth focus on the comparable worth approach to achieving “pay equity” or “fair pay” between women and men