An interactive layers model of self-regulated learning and cognitive load

Models of self-regulated learning emphasize the active and intentional role of learners and, thereby, focus mainly on conscious processes in working memory and long-term memory. Cognitive load theory supports this view on learning. As a result, both fields of research ignore the potential role of unconscious processes for learning. In this review paper, we propose an interactive layers model on self-regulated learning and cognitive load that considers sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. The model distinguishes between (a) unconscious self-regulated learning initiated by so-called resonant states in sensory memory and (b) conscious self-regulated learning of scheme construction in working memory. In contrast with conscious self-regulation, unconscious self-regulation induces no cognitive load. The model describes conscious and unconscious self-regulation in three different layers: a content layer, a learning strategy layer, and a metacognitive layer. Interactions of the three layers reflect processes of monitoring and control. We first substantiate the model based on a narrative review. Afterwards, we illustrate how the model contributes to re-interpretation of inconsistent empirical findings reported in the existing literature

Combining retrieval practice and generative learning in educational contexts

Engaging learners in practicing the retrieval of learned information fosters the consolidation of learners’ mental representations and hence long-term retention. Retrieval practice research has enriched the instructional design literature by providing a wealth of evidence for these benefits of retrieval-based learning and thus emphasizing the value of means to consolidate knowledge. The present article makes the case that a fruitful next step could be to focus on the interplay between retrieval practice and generative activities. Rather than consolidating mental representations, generative activities should have as their main function the construction of coherent mental representations. Hence, from a theoretical perspective, generative activities and retrieval practice should functionally complement each other; hence, combinations of both activities might be particularly suitable to promote lasting learning. Given the challenge to beneficially combine these activities, we discuss open questions that could substantially advance both the retrieval practice and the generative learning field.Das Üben des Abrufs von zuvor gelernten Informationen aus dem Gedächtnis fördert die Konsolidierung mentaler Repräsentationen und damit das langfristige Behalten. Durch eine Fülle an Belegen für diese Vorteile des abrufbasierten Lernens und die Betonung des Wertes von Maßnahmen zur Konsolidierung von Wissen, hat die Forschung zu Abrufübungen die Instruktionsdesignforschung deutlich bereichert. In dem vorliegenden Artikel argumentieren wir, dass ein sinnvoller nächster Schritt darin bestehen könnte, das Zusammenspiel zwischen Abrufübungen und generativen Lernaktivitäten zu untersuchen. Anstatt mentale Repräsentationen zu konsolidieren, besteht die Hauptfunktion von generativen Lernaktivitäten im Aufbau kohärenter mentaler Repräsentationen. Aus theoretischer Sicht sollten sich also generative Aktivitäten und Abrufübungen funktional ergänzen, so dass Kombinationen beider Arten von Aktivitäten besonders geeignet sein könnten, um nachhaltiges Lernen zu fördern. Angesichts der Herausforderung, diese Aktivitäten sinnvoll zu kombinieren, diskutieren wir offene Fragen, die sowohl die Forschung zu Abrufübungen als auch das Feld des generativen Lernens wesentlich voranbringen könnten