ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY KINETICS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS EXTRACTS AGAINST CINÉTICA DA ATIVIDADE ANTIBACTERIANA IN VITRO DE EXTRATOS NATURAIS FRENTE A MICRORGANISMOS RELACIONADOS À MASTITE BOVINA

The subject of this paper is to test antimicrobials activities by medicinal plants extracts against more important contagious bovine mastitis pathogens. Disinfectants solutions was made from Baccharis trimera (Less) D.C., Compositae (Asteracea), Eucalyptus spp Labill., Myrtaceae e Tagetes minuta (Linn.), Compositae (Asteracea) plants by hidroalcoholic extraction (EHA) or decoction (DEC). S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and P. aeruginosa were used. To test for in vitro efficacy, each solution disinfectant was mixed with bacterial suspension containing 105 CFU.mL-1, by 30 seconds, two, 10 ant 30 minutes, with and without 20% of integral milk. Viable bacteria were evaluated by directed plating of neutralized aliquots. The worked included chlorhexidine 0,18% by control and it was executed in duplicate. EHA Eucalytpus spp and EHA T. minuta were as effective as control chlorhexidine against S. aureus. This solutions plus EHA B. trimera, were as effective as control against S. agalactiae. DEC Eucalyptus and DEC B. trimera also inactivated S. agalactiae in more prolongated time. Chlorhexidine was the best against P. multocida in milk absence, although the EHA were effective at ten or thirty minutes. All solutions, inclusive control, it was sensibility to organic load. The observations from the in vitro studies presented here need to be substantiated by in vivo studies by to confirm the potentiality use of plants medicinal extracts as disinfectants/antisepsis in livestock health. O presente trabalho busca avaliar a cinética da atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de plantas medicinais frente a bactérias relacionadas com mastite bovina. Para tal, foram produzidas soluções desinfetantes a partir de folhas e talos de Baccharis trimera (Less) D.C., Compositae (Asteraceae), Eucalyptus spp Labill., Myrtaceae e Tagetes minuta (Linn.), Compositae (Asteraceae), através de extração hidroalcoólica (EHA) e decocto (DEC). Os microrganismos utilizados foram S. aureus, S. agalactiae e P.aeruginosa. Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada permitindo o contato da solução desinfetante com uma suspensão bacteriana com a concentração de ao menos 105 UFC.mL-1 de cada, por intervalos de 30 segundos, 2, 10 e 30 minutos, com e sem matéria orgânica. Após, alíquotas foram semeadas em placas de ágar BHI e o número de colônias remanescentes foi contado. O trabalho foi realizado com um controle comercial, clorexidina a 0,18%, e sempre em duplicata. Encontrou-se que para S. aureus, os EHA de Eucalyptus spp e de T. minuta não diferiram do controle, para S. agalactiae além daquelas duas, EHA de B. trimera, não diferiu do controle, enquanto que DEC de Eucalyptus e o DEC de B. trimera também foram ativos frente à bactéria na ausência de matéria orgânica necessitando de maior tempo de contato. Para P. aeruginosa, na ausência de matéria orgânica, todas as soluções desinfetantes diferiram do controle, embora os três EHA tenham inativado a bactéria em 10 ou 30 minutos. Todas as soluções desinfetantes testadas, inclusive o controle, reduziram sua atividade antibacteriana na presença de matéria orgânica. Conclui-se que extratos de plantas medicinais apresentam potencial para serem utilizados em situações problema em que as bactérias aqui avaliadas estejam envolvidas

International Multicenter Analysis of Brain Structure Across Clinical Stages of Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND Brain structure abnormalities throughout the course of Parkinson's disease have yet to be fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE Using a multicenter approach and harmonized analysis methods, we aimed to shed light on Parkinson's disease stage-specific profiles of pathology, as suggested by in vivo neuroimaging. METHODS Individual brain MRI and clinical data from 2357 Parkinson's disease patients and 1182 healthy controls were collected from 19 sources. We analyzed regional cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume using mixed-effects models. Patients grouped according to Hoehn and Yahr stage were compared with age- and sex-matched controls. Within the patient sample, we investigated associations with Montreal Cognitive Assessment score. RESULTS Overall, patients showed a thinner cortex in 38 of 68 regions compared with controls (dmax  = -0.20, dmin  = -0.09). The bilateral putamen (dleft  = -0.14, dright  = -0.14) and left amygdala (d = -0.13) were smaller in patients, whereas the left thalamus was larger (d = 0.13). Analysis of staging demonstrated an initial presentation of thinner occipital, parietal, and temporal cortices, extending toward rostrally located cortical regions with increased disease severity. From stage 2 and onward, the bilateral putamen and amygdala were consistently smaller with larger differences denoting each increment. Poorer cognition was associated with widespread cortical thinning and lower volumes of core limbic structures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer robust and novel imaging signatures that are generally incremental across but in certain regions specific to disease stages. Our findings highlight the importance of adequately powered multicenter collaborations