An Arctic Disaster and its Policy Implications

The purpose of the research reported here is to help the community in Barrow, Alaska, clarify its vulnerability to extreme weather events, and devise better-informed policies for reducing that vulnerability and adapting to climate variability and change. We examine the worst disaster on record there - a storm that struck on 3 October 1963 - from different disciplinary perspectives and in the context of other severe storms. The major policy responses to date have been a beach nourishment program, a feasibility study of additional means of erosion control, and an emergency management plan. Additional possible responses have been identified in the community's cumulative experience of these storms, but have not yet been fully explored or implemented. Meanwhile, given inherent uncertainties, it is clear that sound policies will allow for corrective action if and when expectations based on the best available knowledge and information turn out to be mistaken. It is also clear that the people of Barrow are in the best position to understand the evolving situation and to decide what to do about it.Les travaux de recherche que l'on présente ici ont pour but d'aider la collectivité de Barrow (Alaska) à définir son degré de vulnérabilité à des conditions climatiques extrêmes, et à créer des politiques plus éclairées qui réduiraient cette vulnérabilité et favoriseraient l'adaptation à la variabilité et au changement climatiques. On examine le pire désastre jamais enregistré à cet endroit, soit une tempête qui fit rage le 3 octobre 1963, et ce, sous l'angle de différentes disciplines et dans le contexte d'autres grandes tempêtes. Jusqu'à présent, les politiques majeures d'intervention se sont résumées à un programme de recharge de plage, à une étude de faisabilité portant sur des mesures supplémentaires de lutte contre l'érosion et à un plan de gestion des situations d'urgence. L'expérience cumulative de la collectivité relative à ces tempêtes a permis de dégager d'autres interventions possibles, sans qu'elles aient toutefois été explorées à fond ou concrétisées. Entre-temps, vu les incertitudes inhérentes à ce genre de choses, il est évident que des politiques bien pensées permettront l'application de mesures correctives si et quand les prédictions fondées sur les toutes dernières connaissances et informations disponibles s'avèrent erronées. Il est en outre évident que les habitants de Barrow sont les mieux placés pour comprendre comment la situation évolue et pour décider des mesures à prendre

Examining the thermal properties of unirradiated nuclear grade graphite between 750 and 2500 K

This study presents the first high temperature measurements (between 750 K and 2500 K) of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat and spectral emissivity of virgin graphite samples (type IM1-24) from advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) fuel assembly bricks. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray computed tomography (XRT) techniques were used to verify the presence of Gilsocarbon filler particles (a characteristic microstructural feature of IM1-24 graphite). All thermal properties were investigated in two orthogonal directions, which showed the effective macroscopic thermal conductivity to be the same (to within experimental error). This can be linked to the morphology of the filler particles that consist of concentrically aligned graphitic platelets. The resulting spherical symmetry allows for heat to flow in the same manner in both macroscopic directions. The current thermal conductivity results were compared to other isotropic grade graphite materials. The significant discrepancies between the thermal conductivities of the individual grades are likely the result of different manufacturing processes yielding variations in the microstructure of the final product. Differences were identified in the filler particle size and structure, and possibly the degree of graphitization compared to other reported nuclear graphites

Media Coverage of Earmarks and the Spiral of Cynicism

The information one receives through the media influences their individual attitudes about politics, politicians, and public policies. Media coverage of political issues in America is often framed with a cynical lens and news reporters focus on dramatized and isolated cases that highlight perceived flaws and weaknesses of politicians and political institutions. Repeated coverage of a particular issue written with a cynical frame leads individuals to become increasingly cynical

Neuropathology in Hypertensive Glaucoma

Hypertensive glaucoma is still defined as a disease where, at high intraocular pressure, retinal ganglion cell axons are impaired with excavation at the optic disc and changes in the visual field. In single cases, the study highlights the importance of knowledge of neuropathology not only at the level of the retina but the entire visual pathway, including the visual centres in the brain. It uses the issue of neurotransmission in the visual analyser and its pathology, but mainly the results of electrophysiological examinations and functional imaging of the brain using Positron Emission Tomography and Functional Magnetic Resonance. It does not overlook the imaging methods of the eye (nerve fibre layer, vessel density). On the basis of this information, therapy is recommended as well

Ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy

Purpose. A case report of a 40-year-old patient with tuberculosis treated with ethambutol is described. Within six months of starting treatment, there was a painless sudden decline in visual function. Despite the known complications of ethambutol treatment, it was discontinued after another three months. Methods. In the case report, we highlight the damage to the dominantly peripheral visual pathways. Using electrophysiological examinations, we showed a significant alteration in the optic nerves. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) showed progressive loss of vessel density and nerve fibre layer of retinal ganglion cells. Perimetric examination showed both a central decrease in sensitivity and mainly scotomas in the temporal parts of the visual fields. Although there was improvement in visual fields over time, OCT findings indicated progression of ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy (EON). Magnetic Resonance Imaging confirmed the alteration in the peripheral part of the visual pathway (intraorbital, intracranial parts of optic nerves, chiasma, and optic tracts). Conclusion. Even though EON is not an unknown complication, new cases still occur and, unfortunately, with an irreversible course. Therefore, it is important to draw attention constantly to this complication and to consider it not only in ophthalmologists' surgeries

Record-setting forest stress in the Rocky Mountains caused by low snowfall and high potential evapotranspiration, consistent with expected future conditions

Abstract GC14A-0