Reflexões sobre (codi)nomes e etnicidade em São Paulo

The notion that 1,2 million Brazilians are"Japanese" has important implications for our understanding of nation, ethnicity and Diaspora. The majority of Nikkei see Brazil as their nation, but many non-Nikkei Brazilian presume that Japan is the Nikkei homeland. This article suggests that Nikkei militants during the period of the dictatorship (1964-1984) resented the diasporic representations constructed by majority society and rejected the idea that they were simply"Japanese." These same people, however, see themselves as different from normative Brazilians, and their stereotypes of "Brazil" and"Brazilians" as others was as prevalent as the stereotypes of non-Nikkei about"Japan" and"Japanese".A noção de que 1,2 milhões de brasileiros são"Japoneses" tem implicações importantes para os conceitos de nação, etnicidade, e diaspóra. A maioria dos nikkeis vêem o Brasil como a sua nação, porém muitos brasileiros não-nikkeis presumen que o Japão é o"lar" dos nikkeis. Este artigo sugere que os militantes nikkeis se ressentiram das representações diaspóricas construídas pela sociedade majoritária e rejeitaram a idéia de que eles eram simplesmente"japoneses". Essas mesmas pessoas, porém, viam a si próprios como diferentes dos brasileiros normativos, e seus estereótipos de"Brasil" e dos"brasileiros" como "outros" era freqüentemente tão prevalecente quanto o estereótipo dos não-nikkeis em relação a "Japão" e"japoneses"

A geografia social do zika no Brasil

The Zika virus crisis, like of all diseases, is an indicator of the inequality that persists in Brazil, even after decades of democracy. Zika illustrates disparity not only in terms of class, and a variety of other issues linked to class, but also of gender and race. Ethical issues related to the Zika virus also have different impacts in terms of reproductive choices, the use of chemicals for spraying, and the development of genetically-modified mosquitoes. By using a multi-disciplinary set of methods based on history, anthropology, and eco-epidemiology, the authors show how the current Zika crisis is part of the long history of health in Brazil, with often-tense relations between agents of the State and the population at-large.A crise do vírus do zika, como todas as doenças, é um indicador da desigualdade que persiste no Brasil mesmo após décadas de democracia. O zika ilustra disparidade não apenas em termos de classe e com a variedade de questões que se conectam com classe, como gênero e raça. Questões éticas relacionadas ao vírus do zika também têm impactos diferenciais em termos de escolhas reprodutivas, no uso de produtos químicos para a pulverização e no desenvolvimento de mosquitos geneticamente modificados. Ao utilizarem um conjunto multidisciplinar de métodos baseados em história, antropologia e ecoepidemiologia, os autores mostram como a crise atual do zika é parte do histórico de saúde no Brasil com as relações muitas vezes tensas entre atores estatais e população em geral

Climate change promotes parasitism in a coral symbiosis.

Coastal oceans are increasingly eutrophic, warm and acidic through the addition of anthropogenic nitrogen and carbon, respectively. Among the most sensitive taxa to these changes are scleractinian corals, which engineer the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. Corals' sensitivity is a consequence of their evolutionary investment in symbiosis with the dinoflagellate alga, Symbiodinium. Together, the coral holobiont has dominated oligotrophic tropical marine habitats. However, warming destabilizes this association and reduces coral fitness. It has been theorized that, when reefs become warm and eutrophic, mutualistic Symbiodinium sequester more resources for their own growth, thus parasitizing their hosts of nutrition. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sub-bleaching temperature and excess nitrogen promotes symbiont parasitism by measuring respiration (costs) and the assimilation and translocation of both carbon (energy) and nitrogen (growth; both benefits) within Orbicella faveolata hosting one of two Symbiodinium phylotypes using a dual stable isotope tracer incubation at ambient (26 °C) and sub-bleaching (31 °C) temperatures under elevated nitrate. Warming to 31 °C reduced holobiont net primary productivity (NPP) by 60% due to increased respiration which decreased host %carbon by 15% with no apparent cost to the symbiont. Concurrently, Symbiodinium carbon and nitrogen assimilation increased by 14 and 32%, respectively while increasing their mitotic index by 15%, whereas hosts did not gain a proportional increase in translocated photosynthates. We conclude that the disparity in benefits and costs to both partners is evidence of symbiont parasitism in the coral symbiosis and has major implications for the resilience of coral reefs under threat of global change

Diagnostic accuracy of somatosensory evoked potential monitoring during scoliosis fusion

The goal of this review was to ascertain the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) changes to predict perioperative neurological outcome in patients undergoing spinal deformity surgery to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE and World Science databases to retrieve reports and/or experiments from January 1950 through January 2014 for studies on SSEP use during AIS surgery. All motor and sensory deficits were noted in the neurological examination administered after the procedure which was used to determine the effectiveness of SSEP as an intraoperative monitoring technique. Fifteen studies identified a total of 4763 procedures on idiopathic patients. The observed incidence of neurological deficits was 1.11% (53/4763) of the sample population. Of the patients with new postoperative neurological deficits 75.5% (40/53) showed significant SSEP changes, and 24.5% (13/53) did not show significant change. Pooled analysis using the bivariate model showed SSEP change with pooled sensitivity (average 84%, 95% confidence interval 59-95%) and specificity (average 98%, 95% confidence interval 97-99%). The diagnostic odds ratio of a patient who had a new neurological deficit with SSEP changes was a diagnostic odds ratio of 340 (95% confidence interval 125-926). Overall, detection of SSEP changes had excellent discriminant ability with an area under the curve of 0.99. Our meta-analysis covering 4763 operations on idiopathic patients showed that it is a highly sensitive and specific test and that iatrogenic spinal cord injury resulting in new neurological deficits was 340 times more likely to have changes in SSEP compared to those without any new deficits

A Retrospective Genomic Landscape of 661 Young Adult Glioblastomas Diagnosed Using 2016 WHO Guidelines for Central Nervous System Tumors

The authors present a cohort of 661 young adult glioblastomas diagnosed using 2016 WHO World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System, utilizing comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) to explore their genomic landscape and assess their relationship to currently defined disease entities. This analysis explored variants with evidence of pathogenic function, common copy number variants (CNVs), and several novel fusion events not described in literature. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) mutational signatures, anatomic location, and tumor recurrence are further explored. Using data collected from CGP, unsupervised machine-learning techniques were leveraged to identify 10 genomic classes in previously assigned young adult glioblastomas. The authors relate these molecular classes to current World Health Organization guidelines and reference current literature to give therapeutic and prognostic descriptions where possible

Agricultural Biotechnology's Complementary Intellectual Assets

We formulate and test a hypothesis to explain the dramatic restructuring experienced recently by the plant breeding and seed industry. The reorganization can be explained in part by the desire to exploit complementarities between intellectual assets needed to create genetically modified organisms. This hypothesis is tested using data on agricultural biotechnology patents, notices for field tests of genetically modified organisms, and firm characteristics. The presence of complementarities is identified with a positive covariance in the unexplained variation of asset holdings. Results indicate that coordination of complementary assets have increased under the consolidation of the industry

The RNA backbone plays a crucial role in mediating the intrinsic stability of the GpU dinucleotide platform and the GpUpA/GpA miniduplex

The side-by-side interactions of nucleobases contribute to the organization of RNA, forming the planar building blocks of helices and mediating chain folding. Dinucleotide platforms, formed by side-by-side pairing of adjacent bases, frequently anchor helices against loops. Surprisingly, GpU steps account for over half of the dinucleotide platforms observed in RNA-containing structures. Why GpU should stand out from other dinucleotides in this respect is not clear from the single well-characterized H-bond found between the guanine N2 and the uracil O4 groups. Here, we describe how an RNA-specific H-bond between O2′(G) and O2P(U) adds to the stability of the GpU platform. Moreover, we show how this pair of oxygen atoms forms an out-of-plane backbone ‘edge’ that is specifically recognized by a non-adjacent guanine in over 90% of the cases, leading to the formation of an asymmetric miniduplex consisting of ‘complementary’ GpUpA and GpA subunits. Together, these five nucleotides constitute the conserved core of the well-known loop-E motif. The backbone-mediated intrinsic stabilities of the GpU dinucleotide platform and the GpUpA/GpA miniduplex plausibly underlie observed evolutionary constraints on base identity. We propose that they may also provide a reason for the extreme conservation of GpU observed at most 5′-splice sites