Multiparameter probability distributions for heavy rainfall modeling in extreme southern Brazil

AbstractStudy regionThe study was conducted in the Rio Grande do Sul state – Brazil.Study focusStudies about heavy rainfall events are crucial for proper flood management in river basins and for the design of hydraulic infrastructure. In Brazil, the lack of runoff monitoring is evident, therefore, designers commonly use rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships to derive streamflow-related information. In order to aid the adjustment of IDF relationships, the probabilistic modeling of extreme rainfall is often employed. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the GEV and Kappa multiparameter probability distributions have more satisfying performance than traditional two-parameter distributions such as Gumbel and Log-Normal in the modeling of extreme rainfall events in southern Brazil. Such distributions were adjusted by the L-moments method and the goodness-of-fit was verified by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Chi-Square, Filliben and Anderson–Darling tests.New hydrological insights for the regionThe Anderson–Darling and Filliben tests were the most restrictive in this study. Based on the Anderson–Darling test, it was found that the Kappa distribution presented the best performance, followed by the GEV. This finding provides evidence that these multiparameter distributions result, for the region of study, in greater accuracy for the generation of intensity–duration–frequency curves and the prediction of peak streamflows and design hydrographs. As a result, this finding can support the design of hydraulic structures and flood management in river basins

Modelagem das perdas de água por evaporação e arraste em aspersores de média pressão Modeling of evaporation and wind drift losses in medium-pressure sprinklers

Neste estudo se avaliou a capacidade preditiva de cinco modelos empíricos visando estimar as perdas de água por evaporação e arraste dos aspersores Agropolo/NY (bocal 3,5 mm) e Naan/5024 (bocal 3,0 mm); para cada aspersor foram ajustados modelos específicos. Por meio de comparação entre resultados de distribuição de água medidos em ensaios de campo e resultados simulados com os modelos propostos por Yazar (1984), Trimmer (1987), Seginer et al. (1991), Tarjuelo et al. (2000) e Playán et al. (2005) foi possível concluir que os diferentes modelos considerados apresentaram índices de desempenho classificado como Péssimo ou, no máximo, Sofrível. Comparados com os cinco modelos empíricos considerados, os novos modelos ajustados apresentaram menores erros, qualificando-se para serem utilizados com índices de desempenho classificado como Bom e Muito Bom, indicando que a aplicação de modelos empíricos deve ser limitada ás condições operacionais (diâmetro de bocal, pressão de operação, etc.) similares áquelas em que os modelos foram desenvolvidos.<br>Five empirical models were evaluated with respect to their ability to estimate evaporation and wind drift losses of Agropolo/NY (nozzle 3.5 mm) and Naan/5024 (nozzle 3.0 mm) sprinklers, and other specific models were developed for each sprinkler model. By comparing measured results, which were obtained in field trials, with simulated ones (models of Yazar, 1984; Trimmer, 1987; Seginer et al., 1991; Tarjuelo et al., 2000; and Playán et al., 2005), these models were classified as very bad or poor according to the index of performance. However, the new adjusted models presented lower errors, resulting in indexes of performance classified as good and very good, thus indicating that their application must be limited to operational conditions (nozzle size, operational pressure, etc.) similar to those in which they were developed

Efeito do ângulo do jato nas características técnicas de um canhão hidráulico Effect of trajectory angle on technical characteristics of a gun sprinkler

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes ângulos de saída do jato de água de um canhão hidráulico, combinados com diferentes diâmetros de bocais e pressões de serviço, sobre o raio de alcance e perfil radial de distribuição de água. A caracterização técnica do canhão hidráulico foi realizada em bancada de ensaios de aspersores da Universidade Federal de Lavras, em Lavras, MG, totalizando 24 diferentes condições operacionais. O raio de alcance do aspersor foi estimado pelo ajuste de uma equação potencial em função do diâmetro do bocal (18 e 22 mm), da pressão de serviço (294, 392, 490 e 588 kPa) e do ângulo de lançamento do jato de água (16, 22 e 28&#186;). Além disto, foi realizada uma análise percentual da distribuição do volume de água aplicado ao longo do raio de alcance do aspersor. As reduções no alcance horizontal do jato de água foram mais pronunciadas em condições de baixas pressões e para o ângulo de jato de 16&#186;; ocorre uma redução no raio de alcance do aspersor de 3,4 a 4,0%, a cada 3&#186; de redução do ângulo de lançamento de 28&#186;; ângulos de lançamento do jato maiores que 22&#186;, associados com pressões de serviço superiores a 392 kPa, resultam em maiores volumes de água aplicados entre 60 e 80% do raio de alcance do aspersor.<br>The effect of different trajectory angles of a gun sprinkler associated with different nozzle diameters and working pressures on the radius of throw and water distribution profile were assessed in this study. The technical characterization of the gun sprinkler was carried out at a sprinkler test bench of the Universidade Federal de Lavras, at Lavras, MG, for 24 different working conditions. In function of nozzle diameter (18 and 22 mm), service pressure (294, 392, 490 and 588 kPa) and trajectory angle (16, 22 and 28&#186;), a potential equation was adjusted to estimate the radius of throw. Furthermore, along the radius of throw the percentage distribution of the amount of water applied was analysed. For low working pressures associated with trajectory angle of 16&#186;, higher reductions were observed on the radius of throw; from the 28&#186; trajectory angle, for every 3&#186; drop of the trajectory angle the radius of throw is reduced by approximately 3.4 to 4.0%; for trajectory angles higher than 22&#186; associated with working pressures higher than 392 kPa, the amount of water applied from the gun sprinkler is more between 60 and 80% of radius of throw