Mondialisation et nouvelle mobilité des élites africaines

Today, the social class of “leaders” in Africa (high public official, political elite, business managers, big traders) is the main benefiter of the wealth accumulation process that has been created by the globalization, the development of exchanges and communication, as well as the global economic deregulation. Since the 2000’s, some capital holders investments and local touristic policies have significantly increased land speculation and real estate growth in several “South” cities such as Dakar, Marrakesh, Luanda or Praia. In spite of increasing social inequalities in the economic context marked by structural adjustment since the 1980s, an African elite has raised on the basis of entrepreneurship either formal or informal. Their financial capacities and their social influence allowed them to achieve this accumulation process. This new African elite class cannot be compared to the Indian middle-upper consumption class but is nevertheless aspiring for the western consumption standards.These “nouveaux riches” take part in the global nomadic world but the observation of their behaviour shows that these “new nomads” are actually combining different kinds of mobility, for different purposes such as traditional commitments, social relationships, business, leisure, and consumption. Several effects of this phenomenon can be observed. In the big cities, the new bourgeoisie migrates to living districts, contributing to the intensification of urban social division. The traditional and social commitments (due to the funerals, the celebrations, etc.) remain a major purpose of local, national or international mobility and the religious purpose (especially for pilgrimage) has been significantly increasing. Two new behaviours can be identified. The first is the leisure trip of the weekends, generally in the local area with all the family. The second one is the trip combining different purposes: social visit or tourism during a professional trip, commercial operation combined to a family visit, etc. This kind of journey is particularly frequent in the societies that have a tradition of international emigration like Senegalese and Cap Verdean societies.The contribution of African elites to the nomadic planet is thus complex, because it combines the local place with the world movements, the pleasant to the useful, and the duty in the leisure. Is it a new model of circulation in a world and an original contribution to the globalisation? We shall lean more specifically on Senegalese, Cape Verdean, Moroccan examples

Sustainable Management of Fishery Resources and Development in Africa: Sustainable Management of Artisanal Fisheries and Local Development in Senegalese Coast Facing The Globalization of Fish Market

In Africa, the artisanal fishing plays a crucial role in the economy and nutrition of populations. She participates in the equilibrium of the balance of payments, and generates significant jobs. On the coast of Senegal in particular, artisanal fisheries ranked first in economic activities. It carries more than 1.8% of GDP, over 12% of the total GDP of primary industry and is the main source of foreign currency in the country with 280 million euros of income (Missions, 2006). Artisanal fisheries also carries 87% of fish production on the coast and provides supply the domestic market, 60% of export industries of fishery products (CRODT, 2000). It occupies a significant part of the Senegalese population (600 000): over 52 000 fishermen (CRODT, 2006) and induced jobs related to artisanal processing and fish trading. It contributes significantly to food security of the Senegalese population: the fish is their main source of protein intake (75%). However, fishing is now in environmental crisis: the exhaustion of stocks of fisheries, decreased the size of species caught (Octopus vulgaris, Epinephelus aenus, etc.), and lower landings of demersal species. This situation leads to socio-economic crisis with falling incomes of fishermen and the impoverishment of families. As aggravating factor, we find the last few years, the supply of increasingly difficult market and local channels of processing scale, more and more products being exported to the EU. The crisis is indicative of very poor governance of the entire fishing industry. Lack of supervision of actors in the sector, free access to the resource, the importance of industrial fishing licenses issued to international partners who operate unabated fishing areas are emblematic of the lack of reflection global problems of resource management, regulatory actors and the organization of streams in Senegal and, more broadly, in all the coastal countries of West Africa in a context of growing local demand for food, competition Global access and control of resources, and necessary environmental management of internationalized production areas coveted. Facing the challenges of globalization, but also local development, what policies and development strategies and sustainable management are put in place in the area of artisanal fishing? Keywords: Artisanal fisheries, Senegalese coast, local development, globalization, sustainable management of fisheries resources.Keywords: Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Small Scale Fisheries, Fisheries EconomicsKeywords: Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Small Scale Fisheries, Fisheries Economic

Autour de Paul Pélissier.Entretien en forme d’hommage

Alors que l’on fête le cinquantième anniversaire de la grande vague des indépendances africaines, Paul Pélissier disparaît. C’est pour ÉchoGéo l’occasion de revenir, en forme d’hommage, sur le parcours exemplaire de ce grand géographe qui avait contribué au lancement de la revue. Cinq universitaires, qui l’ont bien connu, ont accepté de se réunir pour parler du professeur, du chercheur africaniste, de l’homme.L’entretien a lieu chez Jean-Pierre Raison, là même où ce dernier avait reçu Jean Ma..

L'exode rural des baoulé et l'urbanisation de la Cote-d'Ivoire

Rural-urban shift in Ivory coast People of traditional mobility, and main ethnic group of Ivory Coast, the Baoule play an increasing part in the urbanization of their country. Whereas rural emigration has been standing, departure to towns, mainly among men, have become repeated. Circumstancial and structural causes mingle to account for this trend and its limits. Even the emigration inside the rural sphere tends to foster urbanization.Lesourd Michel. L'exode rural des baoulé et l'urbanisation de la Cote-d'Ivoire . In: Espace, populations, sociétés, 1985-1. Migrations et urbanisation - Migrations and cities. pp. 62-69

Les femmes d'in Çalah, mangeuses de chats à l'occasion de la fête Es Sabaa

Lesourd Michel. Les femmes d'in Çalah, mangeuses de chats à l'occasion de la fête Es Sabaa. In: Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 1937, tome 7, fascicule 1. pp. 33-35

Traces coloniales

Propos liminaire Trace, marque, signe ? Quels termes choisir pour évoquer la colonisation ? La polysémie de ces notions leur donne une grande souplesse d'usage. La marque est un « signe servant à reconnaître une chose, à la distinguer », repère, empreinte, témoignage (Larousse). Il existe d'autres acceptions du terme « marquer » ou « marque », non dénuées d'ironie si on les applique au terme « colonisation » : « surveiller de près » ! La trace serait « empreinte, vestige marquant le passage d..

Insularismes et développement en République du Cap-Vert

Michel Lesourd.— Insularismos e desenvolvimento na República de Cabo-Verde Os insularismos geográficos e socio-culturais do Cabo Verde, assim como acontece em outros arquipélagos, têm importantes consequências sobre o desenvolvimento do pais. A política unitária e tecnocrática do Estado-PAICV manifestava desconfiança em relação aos particularismos culturais e económicos que as vezes expressavam ao mesmo tempo uma forte oposição política. O difícil planeamento territorial e o fracasso da Reforma agraria apontam para os limites da política de desenvolvimento conduzida pelo Cabo Verde entre 1975 e 1991. Os emigrantes, por sua vez, contribuem para reforçar os insularismos com remessas e investimentos que proclamam o seu " patriotismo" insular, quando o desenvolvimento do país está a exigir a superação dos insularismos. No arquipélago, o quadro da ajuda internacional descortina, do lado da política sectorial clássica, surpreendentes comportamentos insularistas.Michel Lesourd.— Insularisms and Development in the Republic of Cape-Verde The geographic and sociocultural insularisms of the various islands of Cape-Verde have, as in other archipelagos, some significant consequences on the development of the country. The PAICV-State followed a unitarian and technocratic policy and distrusted the cultural and economic peculiarities that were also, sometimes, the expression of a vigourous political opposition. The difficult national development and the failure of the land-reform show the limits of the policy of development conducted in Cape-Verde between 1975 and 1991. The immigrants contributed to the strengthening of the insularities via their transfers and their investments showing their insular " patriotism", although what the country needs for its development is to go beyond the insularities. In the archipelago the general outlook of international aid reveals, besides a classic sectorial policy, surprising insularizing behaviours.Les insularismes géographiques et socio-culturels du Cap-Vert ont, comme dans d’autres archipels, des conséquences importantes sur le développement du pays. La politique unitaire et technocratique suivie par l’État-PAICV s’est méfiée des particularismes culturels et économiques qui étaient aussi, parfois, l’expression d’une forte opposition politique. Le difficile aménagement du territoire et l’échec de la réforme agraire montrent les limites de la politique de développement menée par le Cap-Vert entre 1975 et 1991. Les émigrés, pour leur part, contribuent à renforcer les insularismes par leurs transferts et leurs investissements qui témoignent de leur " patriotisme" insulaire, alors que le développement du pays nécessite de dépasser les insularismes. Dans l’archipel, le paysage de l’aide internationale révèle, à côté d’une politique sectorielle classique, de surprenants comportements insularistes.Lesourd Michel. Insularismes et développement en République du Cap-Vert . In: Lusotopie, n°1, 1994. Géopolitiques des mondes lusophones. pp. 113-133

Insularismes et développement en République du Cap-Vert

Michel Lesourd.— Insularismos e desenvolvimento na República de Cabo-Verde Os insularismos geográficos e socio-culturais do Cabo Verde, assim como acontece em outros arquipélagos, têm importantes consequências sobre o desenvolvimento do pais. A política unitária e tecnocrática do Estado-PAICV manifestava desconfiança em relação aos particularismos culturais e económicos que as vezes expressavam ao mesmo tempo uma forte oposição política. O difícil planeamento territorial e o fracasso da Reforma agraria apontam para os limites da política de desenvolvimento conduzida pelo Cabo Verde entre 1975 e 1991. Os emigrantes, por sua vez, contribuem para reforçar os insularismos com remessas e investimentos que proclamam o seu " patriotismo" insular, quando o desenvolvimento do país está a exigir a superação dos insularismos. No arquipélago, o quadro da ajuda internacional descortina, do lado da política sectorial clássica, surpreendentes comportamentos insularistas.Michel Lesourd.— Insularisms and Development in the Republic of Cape-Verde The geographic and sociocultural insularisms of the various islands of Cape-Verde have, as in other archipelagos, some significant consequences on the development of the country. The PAICV-State followed a unitarian and technocratic policy and distrusted the cultural and economic peculiarities that were also, sometimes, the expression of a vigourous political opposition. The difficult national development and the failure of the land-reform show the limits of the policy of development conducted in Cape-Verde between 1975 and 1991. The immigrants contributed to the strengthening of the insularities via their transfers and their investments showing their insular " patriotism", although what the country needs for its development is to go beyond the insularities. In the archipelago the general outlook of international aid reveals, besides a classic sectorial policy, surprising insularizing behaviours.Les insularismes géographiques et socio-culturels du Cap-Vert ont, comme dans d’autres archipels, des conséquences importantes sur le développement du pays. La politique unitaire et technocratique suivie par l’État-PAICV s’est méfiée des particularismes culturels et économiques qui étaient aussi, parfois, l’expression d’une forte opposition politique. Le difficile aménagement du territoire et l’échec de la réforme agraire montrent les limites de la politique de développement menée par le Cap-Vert entre 1975 et 1991. Les émigrés, pour leur part, contribuent à renforcer les insularismes par leurs transferts et leurs investissements qui témoignent de leur " patriotisme" insulaire, alors que le développement du pays nécessite de dépasser les insularismes. Dans l’archipel, le paysage de l’aide internationale révèle, à côté d’une politique sectorielle classique, de surprenants comportements insularistes.Lesourd Michel. Insularismes et développement en République du Cap-Vert . In: Lusotopie, n°1, 1994. Géopolitiques des mondes lusophones. pp. 113-133

Les NTIC au Cap-Vert. Des médias à l'avènement d'une société de l'information ?

Os NTIC em Cabo Verde : Meios de comunicação social no dealbar de uma sociedade da informação ? Cabo Verde atravessa uma revolução tecnológica que pretende inserir esse pequeno país arquipélago na «modernidade» do séc. XXI. A vontade de dominar os NTIC está na origem duma ambiciosa política de infraestruturas que já vem dos anos 90, embora só recentemente (2003) é que existam as bases duma verdadeira «sociedade cabo-verdiana da informação» com um enquadramento jurídico e institucional ainda inacabado e com actores da sociedade dominados pelo principal papel do estado e pelo operador exclusivo, Cabo Verde Telecom. Democracia, liberdades, unidade nacional só podem ser reforçadas por esta política onde a «governação electrónica» se fundamenta na informação, na comunicação e na transparência. O desenvolvimento dos meios electrónicos de comunicação social e dos sites da Internet sobre a vida política e dos cidadãos concede a estes mais possibilidades de participação e controlo. Contudo, a ciber-participação dos cidadãos ainda está longe de ser um dado adquirido. A incipiente sociedade cabo-verdiana da informação encontra-se actualmente muito desequilibrada porque as «fracturas numéricas» social e espacial são o reflexo da pobreza da população e dos territórios e são acompanhadas por uma dependência tecnológica, comercial e cultural acrescida.The New ICT in Cape Verde : From the Media to the Advent of the Information Society ? Cape Verde is in the throes of a technological revolution aimed at bringing this small country into the «modernity» of the 21st century. This determination to master the New ICT has led the archipelago to undertake an ambitious infrastructure policy since the 1990s. But it is only very recently (2003) that the foundations of a veritable «Cape Verdian information society» have come into existence, with an as yet incomplete legal and institutional framework and with protagonists in this society who are dominated for the moment by the major role of the State and of the exclusive operator, Cabo Verde Telecom. Democracy, freedoms and national unity can only be strengthened by this policy in which «electronic governance» is based on information, communication and transparency. The development of electronic media and websites about political life and citizenship provides citizens with increased opportunities for participation and control. But the cyber-participation of citizens is far from having being achieved. The emerging Cape Verdian information society is currently inequitable : the social and spatial «digital gap» reflects the poverty of the populations and territories and go hand in hand with increased technological, commercial and cultural dependence.Le Cap-Vert est engagé dans une révolution technologique qui prétend insérer ce petit pays archipel dans la «modernité» du XXIe siècle. La volonté de maîtriser les NTIC lui fait réaliser depuis les années 1990 une ambitieuse politique d'infrastructures. Mais ce n'est que très récemment (2003) qu'existent les bases d'une véritable «société capverdienne de l'information», avec un cadre juridique et institutionnel encore inachevé et des acteurs de la société dominés par le rôle majeur de l'État et l'opérateur exclusif Cabo Verde Telecom. Démocratie, libertés, unité nationale ne peuvent qu'être renforcées par cette politique où la «gouvernance électronique» est fondée sur l'information, la communication et la transparence. Le développement des médias électroniques et des sites Internet concernant la vie politique et citoyenne donne au citoyen une possibilité accrue de participation et de contrôle. Mais la cyber-participation citoyenne est loin d'être acquise. La société capverdienne de l'information en devenir est actuellement inéquitable : les «fractures numériques» sociale et spatiale sont le reflet de la pauvreté de la population et des territoires, et elles s'accompagnent d'une dépendance technologique et commerciale et culturelle accrue.Lesourd Michel. Les NTIC au Cap-Vert. Des médias à l'avènement d'une société de l'information ?. In: Lusotopie, n°11, 2004. Médias pouvoir et identités. pp. 337-361

Dessins géométriques composés par les élèves des écoles coraniques d'In Çalah

Lesourd Michel. Dessins géométriques composés par les élèves des écoles coraniques d'In Çalah. In: Journal de la Société des Africanistes, 1936, tome 6, fascicule 2. pp. 213-216