Serum Selenium Concentration in Cervical Cancer Patients: Preliminary Study and Literature Review

Objective: To analyze the role of selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in cervical cancer.Methods: Serum selenium concentrations and GPx activities of 19 women with cervical cancer along with their healthy counterparts (control group) were obtained. Selenium concentration were measured fluorometrically and GPx activities were measured spectrophotometrically based on the quantity of NADPH used in the reduction of glutathione. Results: The mean of serum selenium concentrations in cervical cancer group was significantly lower than that in the control group, 67.24±15 ng/mL and 77.05±12 ng/mL (p=0.03), respectively. The mean GPx activity in the cervical cancer group was also significantly lower than that in the control group, 128.18±38 ∆mmol NADPH/min/L and 148.9±23 ∆mmol NADPH/min/L (p=0.04), respectively. Multivariate analysis in the cervical cancer patients showed that the Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique (FIGO) staging score (early vs. advanced) was inversely correlated with serum selenium concentration (p=0.027).Conclusions: Serum selenium concentration and GPx activity was significantly lower in the cervical cancer patients. Our results demonstrate that selenium and GPx activity may have an important role in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. Keywords: Cervical cancer, glutathione peroxidase activity, selenium DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v4n2.83

Akt–the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Inhibition Increases Cervical Cancer Cell Chemosensitivity to Active Form of Irinotecan (SN-38)

Objective: To investigate the molecular pathway of the cytotoxic effect of SN-38 in human cervical cancer cell lines.Methods: Two human cervical cancer cell lines were treated with various concentrations of irinotecan for 24–72 hours and the sensitivity was analysed using the MTT assay. Apoptosis was further observed through microscopic examinations. The protein expression was determined using Western blot analysis.  Results: CaSki cells demonstrated the highest sensitivity to SN-38, whereas HeLa cells showed the lowest. In cervical cancer cells, SN-38 induced apoptosis through an intrinsic- and extrinsic-pathways. In addition, we showed that SN-38 downregulated the phosphorylation of Akt-mTOR pathways in CaSki cells, but not in HeLa cells. Interestingly, in HeLa cells, which were more suggestive of a resistant phenotype, pre-treatment with LY294002 and rapamycin inhibited activation of Akt-mTOR signaling and significantly enhanced the sensitivity of HeLa cells to SN-38. Conclusions: Irinotecan exerts its anti-neoplastic effects on cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through caspase-cascade. Inhibition of Akt-mTOR, LY294002 and rapamycin, which is targeted to Akt-mTOR pathways, may sensitize irinotecan-resistant cervical cancer cells.Keywords: Akt-mTOR pathways anti-neoplastic drugs, cervix cancer cells, LY294002, rapamycin DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v1n1.10

Effect of Zilgrei Method and Lumbal Massage Combination on Labor Progress During Latent Phase of First Stage of Labor in Primigravida

The first stage of labor starts from the onset of cervical dilatation and divided into latent and active phases. The latent phase is a more prolonged phase of labor, which allows various interventions performed. Interventions and the latent phase's length may lead to anxiety and restlessness, which might contribute to prolonged labor when experienced by women in labor. A combination of the Zilgrei method and lumbar massage used to reduce labor pain. This method combines movement, change of position, breathing exercise, and the light massage performed since the first stage of labor. It expected that the work of interrelated pelvic muscles becomes harmonized; hence, the cervix will be softer, and the uterine muscles may push the fetus towards the birth canal. This study aimed to determine the effect of the Zilgrei method and lumbar massage combination on the latent phase of the first stage of labor progress in primigravida. It is a quantitative quasi-experimental study on 66 women who underwent the latent phase of the first stage of labor in independent practice of midwife the work area of Citarip Public Health Center during May–July 2019, who were divided equally into control and intervention groups. The statistical analysis used was univariate and bivariate analyses with an independent t test. The mean duration of labor in the latent phase of the first stage of labor in the control group and intervention group was 368 minutes and 307 minutes, respectively, with a difference of 61 minutes (p=0.002). Therefore, the Zilgrei method and lumbar massage combination significantly affect labor progress in the latent phase of the first stage of labor in primigravida.   PENGARUH KOMBINASI METODE ZILGREI DAN PEMIJATAN LUMBAL TERHADAP PROSES KEMAJUAN PERSALINAN PADA PRIMIGRAVIDA Kala I persalinan merupakan tahap serviks terbuka yang terdiri atas fase laten dan fase aktif. Fase laten mempunyai durasi persalinan lebih panjang sehingga memungkinkan banyak intervensi. Intervensi dan lama fase laten dapat menimbulkan kecemasan dan kegelisahan, apabila dialami ibu in partu dapat menjadi faktor persalinan lama. Kombinasi Metode Zilgrei dan pemijatan lumbal menjadi metode mengurangi rasa nyeri persalinan yang menggabungkan gerakan, perubahan posisi, latihan pernapasan, dan pijatan ringan yang dipersiapkan sejak kala I persalinan. Diharapkan kerja otot panggul saling berkaitan menjadi selaras sehingga serviks tidak kaku dan terdapat potensi otot rahim mendorong janin menuju jalan lahir. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi Metode Zilgrei dan pemijatan lumbal terhadap kemajuan proses persalinan kala I fase laten pada primigravida. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimental kuantitatif pada 66 wanita yang menjalani fase laten persalinan kala I di bidan praktik mandiri (BPM) wilayah kerja Puskesmas Citarip periode Mei–Juli 2019 yang dibagi rata menjadi kelompok kontrol dan intervensi. Analisis statistik menggunakan analisis univariat dan bivariat dengan uji t independen. Durasi persalinan kala I fase laten rerata kelompok kontrol dan intervensi adalah 368 menit dan 307 menit masing-masing dengan selisih waktu 61 menit (p=0.002). Simpulan. kombinasi Metode Zilgrei dan pemijatan lumbal berpengaruh terhadap kemajuan proses persalinan kala I fase laten pada primigravida

Noviemeter Diagnostic Test as a Head Circumference Measurement Device for Under-Five Children

The current typical practice for measuring the head circumference of under-five children is by using a measuring tape. However, it may create some difficulties as children cry and move during measurement, leading to less accurate results. Accurate head circumference measurement is essential for assessing brain development and early detection of brain development disorders. Therefore, a more accurate device to measure head circumference is needed. Noviemeter is a non-touch digitalized head circumference measuring device that enables easier measurement in under-five children. As a new tool, noviemeter’s accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity must be determined. This study aimed to analyze the difference in the head of under-five children circumference measurement results between a typical measuring tape as the gold standard and noviemeter and determine the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the noviemeter. It was a cross-sectional analytical study using cluster random sampling on 72 under-five children in the work area of Guntung Payung Public Health, South Kalimantan, during August 2020. The measurement was performed twice, first using a measuring tape and, second, using a noviemeter. Data were analyzed statistically using the dependent t test and diagnostic test. No significant difference was found between the results of the two measuring devices (p=0.257). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the noviemeter were 87.0%, 88.4%, and 91.8%, respectively. Thus, noviemeter has good sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy as an easier alternative device to measure head circumference in under-five children.   UJI DIAGNOSTIK NOVIEMETER SEBAGAI ALAT PENGUKUR LINGKAR KEPALA BALITA Praktik pengukuran lingkar kepala balita yang umum dilakukan saat ini adalah dengan menggunakan pita ukur. Akan tetapi, hal itu dapat menimbulkan beberapa kesulitan karena anak menangis dan bergerak selama pengukuran yang menyebabkan hasil yang kurang akurat. Pengukuran lingkar kepala yang akurat sangat penting untuk menilai perkembangan otak dan deteksi dini gangguan perkembangan otak. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan alat yang lebih akurat untuk mengukur lingkar kepala. Noviemeter merupakan alat pengukur lingkar kepala digital non-sentuh yang memungkinkan pengukuran lebih mudah pada anak balita. Sebagai alat baru, akurasi, sensitivitas, dan spesifisitas noviemeter harus ditentukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan hasil pengukuran lingkar kepala balita antara pita ukur tipikal sebagai baku emas dan noviemeter serta mengetahui akurasi, sensitivitas, dan spesifisitas dari noviemeter tersebut. Jenis penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional analytical dengan menggunakan cluster random sampling pada 72 balita di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Guntung Payung Kalimantan Selatan selama bulan Agustus 2020. Pengukuran dilakukan dua kali, pertama menggunakan pita pengukur dan kedua menggunakan noviemeter. Data dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji t dependen dan uji diagnostik. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil kedua alat ukur (p=0,257). Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan akurasi noviemeter masing-masing adalah 87,0%; 88,4%; dan 91,8%. Dengan demikian, noviemeter memiliki sensitivitas, spesifisitas, dan akurasi yang baik sebagai alat alternatif yang lebih mudah untuk mengukur lingkar kepala pada anak balita

Influence of Adolescent Reproductive Health Promotion Media Booklet on Knowledge and Attitude of Adolescents Living in Work Area of Ibrahim Adjie Public Health Center in 2018

Adolescent period is a critical period that requires quality health services. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of health education through booklet media on the knowledge and attitude towards reproductive health among adolescents. This was a quasi-experimental case control study with nonequivalent two group design conducted on 282 students of SMP Negeri 37, a public junior high school, in the work area of Ibrahim Adjie Public Health Center in Bandung city during December 2018–May 2019. Subjects were divided into two groups, intervention and control groups, with 141 subjects in each group. Data collected were tested for normality and homogeneity using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene tests, respectively, followed by a bivariate analysis using Wilcoxon test to determine the difference. Knowledge of all students in both groups was poor during pre-test with an increase found in 135 subjects (95.7%) in the intervention group (p=0.001) and 63 subjects (44.7%) in the control group (p=0.003) based on the post-test results. Negative attitude was also seen in both groups during pre-test, with a shift towards positive attitude was evident in 134 students (95.0%) in the intervention group (p=0.001) and 117 students (83.0%) in the control group (p=0.002) based on post-test results. This presence that health information conveyed through booklet has a probability of giving 0.995 times stronger influence leaflet. Thus, the use of booklet can improve knowledge and attitude towards adolescent reproductive health.   PENGARUH BOOKLET MEDIA PROMOSI KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI REMAJA TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP REMAJA YANG BERTEMPAT TINGGAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS IBRAHIM ADJIE TAHUN 2018 Masa remaja merupakan masa kritis yang membutuhkan pelayanan kesehatan yang berkualitas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan melalui media booklet terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi-experimental case control dengan rancangan nonequivalent two group yang dilaksanakan terhadap 282 siswa/i SMP Negeri 37 di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Ibrahim Adjie Kota Bandung selama Desember 2018–Mei 2019. Subjek dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok intervensi dan kontrol dengan 141 subjek di setiap kelompok. Data yang terkumpul diuji normalitas dan homogenitasnya masing-masing menggunakan Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov dan Levene, dilanjutkan dengan analisis bivariat menggunakan Uji Wilcoxon untuk mengetahui perbedaannya. Pengetahuan semua siswa pada kedua kelompok kurang saat pre-test dengan peningkatan pengetahuan 135 subjek (95,7%) pada kelompok intervensi (p=0,001) dan 63 subjek (44,7%) pada kelompok kontrol (p=0,003) berdasar atas hasil post-test. Sikap negatif juga terlihat pada kedua kelompok selama pre-test dengan pergeseran ke arah sikap positif 134 siswa (95,0%) pada kelompok intervensi (p=0,001) dan 117 siswa (83,0%) pada kelompok kontrol (p=0,002) berdasar atas hasil post-test. Informasi kesehatan yang disampaikan melalui media booklet ini berpeluang memberikan pengaruh 0,995 kali lebih kuat daripada media leaflet. Dengan demikian, penggunaan booklet dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap remaja terhadap kesehatan reproduksi. Simpulan, terdapat pengaruh pendidikan kesehatan melalui media booklet terhadap pengetahuan dan sikap remaja tentang kesehatan reproduksi

Serum Selenium Concentration in Cervical Cancer Patients: Preliminary Study and Literature Review

Objective: To analyze the role of selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in cervical cancer.Methods: Serum selenium concentrations and GPx activities of 19 women with cervical cancer along with their healthy counterparts (control group) were obtained. Selenium concentration were measured fluorometrically and GPx activities were measured spectrophotometrically based on the quantity of NADPH used in the reduction of glutathione. Results: The mean of serum selenium concentrations in cervical cancer group was significantly lower than that in the control group, 67.24±15 ng/mL and 77.05±12 ng/mL (p=0.03), respectively. The mean GPx activity in the cervical cancer group was also significantly lower than that in the control group, 128.18±38 ∆mmol NADPH/min/L and 148.9±23 ∆mmol NADPH/min/L (p=0.04), respectively. Multivariate analysis in the cervical cancer patients showed that the Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d’Obstétrique (FIGO) staging score (early vs. advanced) was inversely correlated with serum selenium concentration (p=0.027).Conclusions: Serum selenium concentration and GPx activity was significantly lower in the cervical cancer patients. Our results demonstrate that selenium and GPx activity may have an important role in the carcinogenesis of cervical cancer. Keywords: Cervical cancer, glutathione peroxidase activity, selenium DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v4n2.83

Akt–the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway Inhibition Increases Cervical Cancer Cell Chemosensitivity to Active Form of Irinotecan (SN-38)

Objective: To investigate the molecular pathway of the cytotoxic effect of SN-38 in human cervical cancer cell lines.Methods: Two human cervical cancer cell lines were treated with various concentrations of irinotecan for 24–72 hours and the sensitivity was analysed using the MTT assay. Apoptosis was further observed through microscopic examinations. The protein expression was determined using Western blot analysis.  Results: CaSki cells demonstrated the highest sensitivity to SN-38, whereas HeLa cells showed the lowest. In cervical cancer cells, SN-38 induced apoptosis through an intrinsic- and extrinsic-pathways. In addition, we showed that SN-38 downregulated the phosphorylation of Akt-mTOR pathways in CaSki cells, but not in HeLa cells. Interestingly, in HeLa cells, which were more suggestive of a resistant phenotype, pre-treatment with LY294002 and rapamycin inhibited activation of Akt-mTOR signaling and significantly enhanced the sensitivity of HeLa cells to SN-38. Conclusions: Irinotecan exerts its anti-neoplastic effects on cervical cancer cells by inducing apoptosis through caspase-cascade. Inhibition of Akt-mTOR, LY294002 and rapamycin, which is targeted to Akt-mTOR pathways, may sensitize irinotecan-resistant cervical cancer cells.Keywords: Akt-mTOR pathways anti-neoplastic drugs, cervix cancer cells, LY294002, rapamycin DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v1n1.10

Correlation between Protein-with-Molecular-Weight-53 (p53), Burkit Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and Fas Ligand (FasL) and Vascular-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) mRNA Expression Levels in a Pathogenesis Study of Preeclampsia

Objective: To determine the role of protein-with-molecular-weight-53 (p53), burkit cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2),  Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), known as the apoptosis-related molecular pathway, in preeclamptic patients.     Methods: Observation on the correlation between the mRNA levels of p53, Bcl2 and FasL and VCAM-1 in 31 subjects at 28-42 weeks gestational age was performed in this study using the real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).    Results: The results showed that p53 mRNA increased (>1.2350 ng/μL) in the preeclampsia group compared to the normal pregnancy group (p=0.010), Bcl2 mRNA was lower (≤0.9271 ng/μL) in the preeclampsia group than the control group (p=0.041). There was also a tendency of increased FasL mRNA expression (>0.5509 ng/μL) in the preeclampsia group compared to the normal pregnancy group (p=0.300). The level of VCAM-1 elevated (>890.08 ng/mL) in the preeclampsia group compared to the normal pregnancy group (p=0.001). In preeclampsia, the correlation between the Bcl2/p53 ratio and VCAM-1 was r=0.541 (p=0.002), whereas the correlation in normal pregnancy was r=0.099 (p=0.595).     Conclusions: There are correlations between the mRNA expression levels of p53 and Bcl2 as an intrinsic pathway of apoptosis along with the VCAM-1 levels in the incidence of preeclampsia. However, no correlation is found between FasL mRNA expression and the incidence of preeclampsia.Keywords: Bcl2, FasL, p53, Preeclampsia, VCAM-1DOI: 10.15850/ijihs.v2n1.27

Female genital tuberculosis and infertility: serial cases report in Bandung, Indonesia and literature review

Abstract Background Female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) is a Mycobacterium infection in the reproductive organs which often leads to infertility. FGTB is either asymptomatic or causes uncharacteristic clinical presentations, making an early diagnosis is challenging. Our aims were to evaluate the clinical presentations, the process to confirm the diagnosis and followed-up the patients who had undergone laparoscopy at our center. FGTB has been reported from many countries, but has never been reported from Indonesia. Here we present case studies to document the presence of FGTB in Indonesia. Cases presentation There were three patients admitted to our center; two patients were admitted with irregular menstrual cycle as their chief complaint, while one patient came due to infertility. The results from laparoscopy were suggestive of FGTB; including the presence of caseating granulomas surrounded by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and Langhans giant cells. Additionally, PCR testing confirmed presence of MTB. Subsequent to diagnosis, continuous TB medications was administered with excellent clinical outcome in two patients (pregnant in 18 months after under gone laparoscopy). The infertile patient remain in one of the treated patient above. Conclusion In infertile patients who live in countries where Tuberculosis is an endemic disease, such as Indonesia, a comprehensive history taking, along with ultrasonography results can be used to diagnose FGTB. Confirmation of this diagnosis can be achieved through polymerase chain reactions result. Timely diagnosis and treatment are imperative to prevent any permanent injury to patient’s reproductive organs