The Origins of Beowulf: Studies in Textual Criticism and Literary History

Beowulf is preserved in a single manuscript written out around the year 1000, but there are many reasons to believe that the poem was composed several centuries before this particular act of manual reproduction. Most significantly, the meter of Beowulf reveals that the poet regularly observed distinctions of etymological length that became phonologically indistinct before 725 in Mercia. This dissertation gauges the explanatory power of the hypothesis that Beowulf was composed about three centuries before the production of the extant manuscript. The following studies test the hypothesis of archaic composition by determining whether it is able to accommodate independent forms of evidence drawn from the fields of linguistics, textual criticism, and literary history

The Language of Beowulf and the Conditioning of Kaluza's Law

In Beowulf, there are 106 verses in which second compound elements are unambiguously distributed into positions of resolution or non-resolution on the basis of etymological length distinctions that became phonologically indistinct early in the Anglo-Saxon period. The conditioning behind this linguistic regularity (Kaluza’s law) has been the subject of considerable dispute. R. D. Fulk argued that this regularity was phonologically conditioned: the Beowulf poet consistently distinguished between etymologically long and short desinences because he composed before they became phonologically indistinct. Some scholars have sought to explain this regularity by proposing that it was semantically or morphologically conditioned, while others have invoked oral tradition and narrative considerations in their efforts to explain it. The present article gauges the relative probability of these competing hypotheses and demonstrates that the hypothesis of phonological conditioning is the only tenable explanation. It is therefore probable that Beowulf was composed in Mercia prior to the year 725, by which time distinctions of etymological length had become phonologically indistinct