Physical Activity and Risk of Breast Cancer, Colon Cancer, Diabetes, Ischemic Heart Disease, and Ischemic Stroke Events: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Objective: To quantify the dose-response associations between total physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

The Functional Anatomy and Innervation of the Platysma is Segmental:Implications for Lower Lip Dysfunction, Recurrent Platysmal Bands, and Surgical Rejuvenation

BACKGROUND: Despite the central role of the platysma in face and neck rejuvenation, much confusion exists regarding its surgical anatomy.OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to clarify the regional anatomy of the platysma and its innervation pattern and to explain clinical phenomena, such as the origin of platysmal bands and their recurrence, and the etiology of lower lip dysfunction after neck lift procedures.METHODS: Fifty-five cadaver heads were studied (16 embalmed, 39 fresh, mean age 75 years). Following preliminary dissections and macro-sectioning, a series of standardized layered dissections were performed, complemented by histology and sheet plastination.RESULTS: In addition to its origin and insertion, the platysma is attached to the skin and deep fascia across its entire superficial and deep surfaces. This composite system explains the age-related formation of static platysmal bands, recurrent platysma bands after complete platysma transection, and recurrent anterior neck laxity after no-release lifting. The facial part of the platysma is primarily innervated by the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve, while the submandibular platysma is innervated by the "first" cervical branches which terminate at the mandibular origin of the depressor labii inferioris. This pattern has implications for post-operative dysfunction of the lower lip, including pseudo-paralysis, and potential targeted surgical denervation.CONCLUSIONS: This anatomical study, using layered dissections, large histology, and sheet-plastination, fully describes the anatomy of the platysma including its bony, fascial, and dermal attachments, as well as its segmental innervation including its nerve danger zones. It provides a sound anatomical basis for the further development of surgical techniques to rejuvenate the neck with prevention of recurrent platysmal banding.</p

On the Futility of Screening for Genes That Make You Fat

J. Lennert Veerman discusses the implications for genetic screening of findings showing that physical activity substantially attenuates the effects of genetic variants which predispose towards obesity