Zmiany w systemie HACCP w gospodarstwach mleczarskich ze względu na zautomatyzowany system doju

The main aim of this study is to summarize the steps of operation of an automatic milking system. The milking system is used in a fresh milk producing farm: the Józsefmajor Experimental and Demonstration Farm of the Szent István University of Gödöllő. The use of automatic milking robot system is unique in Hungary and also in Europe. The installation of the milking robot changed the steps of the formerly installed HACCP system and made the milking process more simple: due to the fully automatic milking process there are less physical and biological critical points. In summary, automatic milking system helps to harmonize the milking, feeding and relaxing period of the herd, and also makes the compliance with food safety regulations easier. The second aim of this study to define the possible cost-benefit changes due to the automatic milking system in the dairy farm. Further aim of this study to shows economic methods which help the farmers to make decision about milking systems.Głównym celem badań było przedstawienie etapów pracy systemu automatycznego dojenia. Taki system dojenia jest używany w eksperymentalnym i przykładowym gospodarstwie Józsefmajor należącym do Uniwersytetu Szenta Istvána w Gödöllő, które produkuje świeże mleko. Automatyczny robot do dojenia jest unikatem na Węgrzech, ale również w Europie. System HACCP został zainstalowany przed dziesięcioma laty w celu zwiększenia jakości produkowanego mleka oraz aby sprostać wymogom UE. Zamontowanie robota do dojenia zmieniło etapy systemu HACCP oraz uczyniło proces dojenia prostszym. W dodatku, dzięki pełnemu zautomatyzowaniu procesu dojenia, pojawia się mniej fizycznych i biologicznych punktów krytycznych. System automatycznego dojenia pomaga zharmonizować dojenie, karmienie oraz czas wypoczynku stada, a także ułatwia sprostać wymaganiom dotyczącym bezpieczeństwa żywności

Glucagon Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Affect the Growth of the Chick Eye: A Role for Glucagonergic Regulation of Emmetropization?

PURPOSE. In chicks, plus defocus retards eye growth, thickens the choroid, and activates glucagonergic amacrine cells, probably releasing glucagon. Glucagon receptor antagonists (expected to inhibit compensation to plus defocus) and agonists (expected to block myopia induction by form deprivation) were administered to eyes of chicks, to test the hypothesis that glucagon mediates the induction of changes in eye growth by plus defocus. METHODS. Seven-day-old (P7) chick eyes were injected intravitreally with peptides at concentrations of ∼10−9 to 10−5 M in 20 μL (injection volume). The glucagon-receptor antagonists [des-His1,des- Phe 6 ,Glu9]-glucagon-NH2 (des- Phe 6 -antagonist) and [des-His1,Glu9]-glucagon-NH2 (Phe 6 -antagonist) were administered daily for 4 to 5 days to plus-defocused eyes. Agonists (porcine glucagon-[1-29] and [Lys17,18,Glu21]-glucagon-NH2) were monocularly administered daily for 5 days to form-deprived eyes. The contralateral eye remained open and received saline. After treatment, eyes were refracted, measured, and examined for histologic changes. RESULTS. The Phe 6 -antagonist at 10−5 M (in the syringe) inhibited changes in both refractive error and axial length compensation induced by +7-D lens wear; however, des-Phe 6 -antagonist (10−5 M) had weak, inconsistent effects and did not antagonize the action of exogenous glucagon. Glucagon prevented ocular elongation and myopia and induced choroidal thickening in form-deprived eyes. [Lys17,18,Glu21]-glucagon-NH2 had little effect at 10−7 M, but at 10−6 to 10−5 M altered rod structure and inhibited eye growth. CONCLUSIONS. Exogenous glucagon inhibited the growth of form-deprived eyes, whereas Phe 6 -antagonist inhibited compensation to plus defocus, as might be expected if glucagon is an endogenous mediator of emmetropization. The reason for the failure of des-Phe 6 -antagonist to counteract the effects of exogenous glucagon requires further investigation

Marker-assisted selection for two dominant powdery mildew resistance genes introgressed into a hybrid grape population

Molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) was carried out to track the inheritance of Run1 and Ren1, two dominant powdery mildew resistance genes that originate from different genetic resources. The Run1 locus was introgressed from a Muscadinia rotundifolia × Vitis vinifera BC4 hybrid plant derived from a recurrent pseudo-backcross breeding scheme, whereas the Ren1 locus was introgressed from the powdery mildew-resistant V. vinifera L. variety Kishmish vatkana. Introduction of the Ren1 resistance gene of V. vinifera origin into the breeding program makes possible the long-term defence of the dominant Run1 gene. Using a BC5 (BC4 × Kishmish vatkana) hybrid progeny consisting of 441 plants and applying several SSR and BAC-derived CB markers, we demonstrated that the powdery mildew-resistant phenotype co-segregated with the presence of at least one resistance locus-linked marker in the genome. Our data also corroborated earlier findings that the M. rotundifolia-derived Rpv1 and Run1 loci are closely linked. To further streamline the selection process, we developed a multiplex PCR- and agarose gel electrophoresis-based method for the simultaneous detection of both Run1 and Ren1. The results illustrate that MAS offers a rapid and accurate method to select hybrid genotypes that combine multiple loci of interest in grape