Crescimento e desenvolvimento de Conyza bonariensis em razão do acúmulo térmico e fotoperíodo

The objective of this work was to characterize the growth and development of hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) according to thermal accumulation and photoperiod, at different sowing times, and to propose a scale representing the main plant development stages. The experiment was carried out with ten replicates in the 2011/2012 growing season. The sowing dates were: 05/31/2011, 07/04/2011, 08/03/2011, 09/09/2011, and 11/07/2011. Plant height (cm) and phenology were evaluated weekly. The duration of the different stages (days) and thermal time accumulation (°C day) were determined. The linear regression analysis showed that plant height was related to thermal time accumulation. Regardless of the sowing date, the vegetative stage had a longer duration (in days and in ºC day) than the reproductive stage. Sowing on 11/07/2011 promoted the shortening of the vegetative stage, and the rosette stage did not occur. Flowering was induced in the photoperiod between 12.5 and 13.5 hours of light, regardless of the sowing date. Slow growth was observed at lower temperature conditions, when plants accumulated 30.9 and 16.3°C day per centimeter of height for the 05/31/2011 and 11/07/2011 sowing dates, respectively. The phenology scale adequately predicts the development stages of hairy fleabane. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da buva (Conyza bonariensis) em razão do acúmulo térmico e do fotoperíodo, em diferentes épocas de semeadura, e propor uma escala para representar os principais estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas. O experimento foi realizado com dez repetições, no período de cultivo 2011/2012. As datas de semeaduras foram: 31/05/2011, 04/07/2011, 03/08/2011, 09/09/2011 e 07/11/2011. A altura de planta (cm) e a fenologia foram avaliadas semanalmente. A duração dos diferentes estádios (dias) e a soma térmica acumulada (°C dia) foram determinadas. A regressão linear mostrou que a altura de plantas relacionou-se à soma térmica acumulada. Independentemente da data de semeadura, a fase vegetativa teve maior duração (em dias e em ºC dia) do que a fase reprodutiva. A semeadura em 07/11/2011 promoveu o encurtamento da fase vegetativa, e o estádio roseta não ocorreu. Houve indução do florescimento em fotoperíodo entre 12,5 e 13,5 horas de luz, independentemente da época de semeadura. Observou-se crescimento mais lento na condição de menor temperatura, em que as plantas acumularam 30,9 e 16,3 °C dia por centímetro de altura, nas semeaduras em 31/05/2011 e 07/11/2011, respectivamente. A escala fenológica prevê adequadamente as fases de desenvolvimento da buva

Ocorrência de brusone e qualidade de grãos em arroz irrigado adubado com nitrogênio e silicatos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of fertilization with nitrogen topdressing and silicates, as well as of the use of fungicides, on the occurrence of panicle blast, milling yield, and whole grains, vitreous grains, and chalky kernels in an irrigated rice cultivar sensitive to the disease. Two experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design, in a 4×4×2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates: in experiment 1, four doses of nitrogen × four doses of calcium and magnesium silicate on soil × with and without fungicides; and, in experiment 2, four doses of nitrogen × four doses of potassium silicate applied on leaves x with and without fungicides. At the doses above 60 kg ha-1 nitrogen without fungicides, there was an increase in panicle blast severity, a decrease in the percentage of whole and vitreous grains, and an increase in chalky kernels and chalky area. The greatest effects of silicates occurred without fungicides. Fungicide use reduced the severity of blast in the panicles. Milling yield ranged from 60 to 70% in both experiments. The control of blast with fungicides maintains high rice grain quality, milling yield, and percentages of whole and vitreous grains.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adubação com nitrogênio em cobertura e silicatos, bem como da utilização de fungicidas, sobre a ocorrência de brusone nas panículas, a renda do benefício e os grãos inteiros, vítreos e gessados, em cultivar de arroz irrigado sensível à doença. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4×4×2, com quatro repetições: no experimento 1, quatro doses de nitrogênio × quatro doses de silicato de cálcio e magnésio via solo × com e sem uso de fungicidas; e, no experimento 2, quatro doses de nitrogênio × quatro doses de silicato de potássio via foliar × com e sem fungicidas. Nas doses acima de 60 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio sem fungicidas, houve aumento da severidade de brusone nas panículas, redução do percentual de grãos inteiros e vítreos, e aumento de grãos gessados e área gessada. Os maiores efeitos dos silicatos ocorreram sem aplicações de fungicidas. O uso de fungicidas reduziu a severidade de brusone nas panículas. A renda do benefício oscilou entre 60 e 70%, em ambos os experimentos. O controle da brusone com fungicidas mantém elevadas a qualidade de grãos do arroz, a renda do benefício e as percentagens de grãos inteiros e vítreos

FITOSSOCIOLOGIA DE PLANTAS DANINHAS EM ARROZ IRRIGADO NO SISTEMA DE CULTIVO CLEARFIELD®

Weed management is essential for obtaining high grain yields in irrigated rice. In this study, the objectives were to map, quantify and to evaluate resistance occurrence of weeds in irrigated rice production areas using the Clearfield® (CL) system in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). For this, a phytosociological survey was carried out by means of georeferenced collections of soils in 36 farms with the cultivation of irrigated rice in 16 cities in RS. The soil samples were placed in polyethylene trays with an area of 792 cm2 and arranged in a greenhouse, in order to allow the emergence of weeds during the period from October 2018 to June 2019. The weeds present were quantified and identified at the genus level, with the help of specialized bibliography. The variables analyzed were frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, abundance, relative abundance and importance value index. A total of 38 genus were identified, distributed in 20 botanical families, and the most representative were Poaceae, Cyperaceae and Asteraceae. The genus Cyperus, Echinochloa, Oryza and Lolium had the highest indexes of importance value. The first three showed high frequency and wide distribution in the irrigated rice producing regions. The areas with the cultivation of irrigated rice, in the CL system, presented a high diversity and distribution of weeds. Weeds of the genus Cyperus have higher values of relative frequency, density and abundance, as well as a high importance value index.O manejo de plantas daninhas é essencial para a obtenção de elevadas produtividades de grãos na cultura de arroz irrigado. Neste estudo, teve-se, como objetivos, mapear, quantificar e avaliar a ocorrência de resistência de plantas daninhas em áreas de produção de arroz irrigado com o sistema Clearfield® (CL) no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento fitossociológico por meio de coletas georreferenciadas de solos em 36 propriedades com o cultivo de arroz irrigado, em 16 cidades do RS. As amostras de solo foram acondicionadas em bandejas de polietileno com 792 cm2 de área e dispostas em casa-de-vegetação, a fim de permitir a emergência de plantas daninhas durante o período de outubro de 2018 a junho de 2019. As plantas daninhas presentes foram quantificadas e identificadas em nível de gênero, com auxílio de bibliografia especializada. As variáveis analisadas foram frequência, frequência relatativa, densidade, densidade relativa, abundância, abundância relativa e índice de valor de importância. Foram identificados 38 gêneros, distribuídos em 20 famílias, e as mais representativas foram Poaceae, Cyperaceae e Asteraceae. Os gêneros Cyperus, Echinochloa, Oryza e Lolium apresentaram os maiores índices de valor de importância. Os três primeiros evidenciaram elevada frequência e ampla distribuição nas regiões produtoras de arroz irrigado. As áreas com o cultivo de arroz irrigado, no sistema CL, apresentaram uma alta diversidade e distribuição de plantas daninhas. Plantas daninhas do gênero Cyperus possuem maiores valores de frequência, densidade e abundância relativas, bem como alto índice de valor de importância dentre as que foram observadas

Impact of fungicide and insecticide use on non-target aquatic organisms in rice paddy fields

ABSTRACT: The intensive use of plant protection products in rice paddy fields ( Oryza sativa L.) has caused concern about the environmental impact on communities of non-target organisms that are natural inhabitants in these agroecosystems. The purpose of this review is to analyze the data currently available in the literature about some important fungicides and insecticides (such as trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole, tricyclazole, lambda-cyhalothrin, and thiamethoxam), which are currently used to control pests and diseases in rice paddy fields, as well as their effects on the community of non-target aquatic organisms

Soybean Tillage Systems and Physical Changes in Surface Layers of Two Albaqualf Soils

ABSTRACT A compacted subsurface soil layer can be a limiting factor for soybean growing, reducing soybean yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different tillage systems on the physical properties of two Albaqualf soils of the Central Plains region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. Two experiments were conducted: one in Santa Maria, RS, during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop seasons, and another in Formigueiro, RS, during the 2013/14 crop season. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used. The treatments were: sowing using an offset double disc (T1); sowing using a fluted coulter disc (wavy disc with 12 waves) (T2); sowing with a knife runner opener (T3); sowing with a knife runner opener + press wheel mechanism for ground levelling (T4); sowing using a furrow opener upon a raised bed (T5); and chisel plough + sowing using an offset double-disc (T6). In the 2014/15 growing season, the T4 factor was changed using a knife runner opener 0.05 m from the planting row. A smaller reduction in the compacted subsurface soil layer was observed for both T1 and T2, which exhibited high soil bulk density values for the 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop seasons. Furthermore, T3, T5 and T6 led to a reduction in bulk density, and increasing total porosity and macroporosity in the soil, which consequently increased water infiltration, water storage capacity, and crop yield in areas with the presence of a compacted subsurface soil layer