15 research outputs found
Heritage and Memory of the First World War in Greece during the Interwar Period: A Historical Perspective
The memory of the First World War in Greece has suffered throughout the years a gradual decline, which is comparable to the case of many other countries, mostly in areas of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. The Great War mattered somehow for politicians, the press and public opinion in Greece only in the interwar years. During that period, discourse about the First World War included the echo of traumatic events related to Greek involvement in the war (such as the surrender of Fort Roupel to Central Powers forces and the bloody clashes of December 1916 in Athens after the landing of Entente troops) and the efforts to erect war memorials as a tribute to the sacrifice of fallen soldiers, both Greeks and foreigners. At the same time, the Greek people had the opportunity to learn a lot about the international dimension of the war through newspapers, where translated memoirs of leading wartime figures (of both alliances) were published. After the outbreak of the Second World War, interest in the previous major conflict (including the Greek role in the hostilities) significantly diminished in the country. Taking into consideration the ongoing experience of the centenary manifestations, the author proposes a codification of the main types (existing or potential) of WWI memory in Greece and suggests new ways of approaching this major historical event. The final chapter addresses some possible causes of the troublesome relation of Greeks with the First World
War, which is mainly due to the very particular circumstances of Greek involvement in the war and the determining role of later historical events that overshadowed memories of the earlier conflict
Review of Christopher Clark's ÎÎč ΄ÏÎœÎżÎČÎŹÏΔÏ: Î ÏÏ Î· ÎÏ ÏÏÏη ÏΟγΔ ÏÏÎżÎœ ÏÏÎ»Î”ÎŒÎż ÏÎż 1914 [The Sleepwalkers: How Europe went to War in 1914]
There is hardly an issue in the entire history of the 20th century that has caught so much the interest of the historians and has seen the production of such a huge number of books and articles as the one regarding the origins of the First World War. It is no surprise that the explosion of interest in the First World War on the occasion of the centenary year was marked, among else, by new discussions and many publications on this subject.The book that has caught mostly the attention of public and academic debate is no other than Sleepwalkers by Christopher Clark, Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge. Through an exhaustive study of the main actors and the motives behind their decisions, characterized by thorough knowledge of the subject and a thrilling narrative style, the author tries to answer the crucial question of how Europe went to war in 1914
Les relations grĂ©co-allemandes au cours de lâannĂ©e 1917
1917 a Ă©tĂ© une annĂ©e cruciale non seulement pour lâhistoire de la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale dans son ensemble (et pour le rĂŽle spĂ©cifique de la GrĂšce dans le conflit), mais aussi pour le dĂ©veloppement des relations grĂ©co-allemandes dans ce contexte plus large. En termes diplomatiques, cette annĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© marquĂ©e par lâadhĂ©sion de la GrĂšce au camp de lâEntente, mais aussi par dâautres efforts grecs pour approcher lâAllemagne, menĂ©s par le camp pro-allemand autour du roi exilĂ© Constantin. Au niveau militaire, le dĂ©bat sur un plan Ă©ventuel dâune attaque par les puissances centrales contre les forces de lâEntente Ă Thessalonique a continuĂ© Ă exister, mĂȘme si cette idĂ©e avait Ă©tĂ© exclue par le leadership militaire allemand au dĂ©but de lâannĂ©e ; en mĂȘme temps, les premiers signes de fatigue apparaissaient parmi les Bulgares, un alliĂ© clĂ© de lâAllemagne dans la rĂ©gion. Enfin, la prĂ©sence dâune grande unitĂ© militaire grecque dans la ville allemande de Görlitz a donnĂ© une nouvelle dimension aux relations germano-grecques, servant de noyau de contacts et de tensions, mais aussi comme un facteur important dans les relations diplomatiques de cette Ă©poque.1917 war ein entscheidendes Jahr nicht nur fĂŒr die Geschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs als Ganzes (und fĂŒr die konkrete Rolle Griechenlands im Konflikt), sondern auch fĂŒr die Entwicklung der griechisch-deutschen Beziehungen in diesem breiteren Kontext. In diplomatischer Hinsicht war dieses Jahr nicht nur durch den Beitritt Griechenlands zum Entente-Lager geprĂ€gt, aber auch von anderen BemĂŒhungen, insbesondere die um dem prodeutschen Lager des verbannten König Konstantin, sich Deutschland zu nĂ€hern. Auf militĂ€rischer Ebene setzte sich die Debatte ĂŒber einen eventuellen Angriffsplan der MittelmĂ€chte gegen die Entente-KrĂ€fte in Thessaloniki fort, auch wenn diese Idee zu Beginn des Jahres von der deutschen MilitĂ€rfĂŒhrung ausgeschlossen worden war; gleichzeitig erschienen erste MĂŒdigkeitsanzeichen unter den Bulgaren, eines der SchlĂŒsselalliierten Deutschlands in der Region. SchlieĂlich gab die PrĂ€senz einer groĂen griechischen MilitĂ€reinheit in der deutschen Stadt Görlitz den griechisch-deutschen Beziehungen eine neue Dimension, zugleich Kern von Kontakten und Spannungen, aber auch wichtiger Faktor der diplomatischen Beziehungen dieser Zeit.1917 was a crucial year not only for the history of World War I as a whole (and for Greeceâs specific role in the conflict), but also for the development of Greek-German relations within this broader context. In diplomatic terms, this year was marked by the accession of Greece to the Entente camp, but also by further Greek efforts to approach Germany, carried out by the pro-German camp around the exiled King Constantine. At the military level, the debate on an eventual plan of an attack by the Central Powers against the Entente forces in Thessaloniki continued, even if this idea had been ruled out by the German military leadership at the beginning of the year; at the same time, the first signs of fatigue appeared among the Bulgarians, a key ally of Germany in the region. Finally, the presence of a large Greek military unit in the German city of Görlitz gave a new dimension to Greek-German relations, serving as a nucleus of contacts and tensions, but also as an important factor in the diplomatic dealings of that time
La GrĂšce Ă la Une pendant la Grande Guerre
The study of the First World War shows clearly that the French leadership was very concerned and particularly involved in the Greek issue; at the same time, the press in France showed extremely big interest in the Greek case, too. Press was the only channel of propaganda in France during the wartime â it is remarkable that the image of Greece and of its relations with France appears have been homogeneous through newspapers of varied political stances. As the public didnât have any sources of information on Greece other than the press, it was difficult, almost impossible for them to do a selective reading of the papers and to understand the hidden messages of official information channels; thatâs why the campaign which the French press conducted on the Greek issue was soon and easily successful. Our aim is to study the strategy of this propaganda undertaken by the French press, as well as the efforts of the French authorities, which, being conscious of the power of press, made the most of it in order to manipulate the public opinion and support their policy
Introduction
Rien ne pĂšse autant que la mĂ©moire ! Maintenant que le siĂšcle, qui a dĂ©butĂ© avec la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale, a pris fin, son histoire et sa valeur peuvent aujourdâhui ĂȘtre examinĂ©es avec le recul nĂ©cessaire. Les dĂ©cennies si denses qui lâont suivi ont complĂštement bouleversĂ© les rĂ©alitĂ©s gĂ©opolitiques, sociales, financiĂšres et Ă©conomiques mondiales. Une seconde Guerre mondiale, lâHolocauste, la guerre froide et de nombreux conflits, mais aussi lâamĂ©lioration de nos conditions de vie, les pro..
Cent ans aprÚs : la mémoire de
Il y a cent ans prenait fin la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale. Ses commĂ©morations nous permettent de reconsidĂ©rer dans son ensemble et dans ses spĂ©cificitĂ©s les formes de la mĂ©moire du conflit. Mais peut-on parler dâune mĂ©moire ? Il existe en rĂ©alitĂ© une pluralitĂ© de mĂ©moires qui varient selon les origines familiale et sociale, mais qui restent largement nationale et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne dâun pays Ă un autre. Lâobjet de cette publication est de cartographier lâĂ©volution dans le temps, jusquâĂ aujourdâhui, des mĂ©moires de la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale en Europe, Ă travers les textes dâĂ©minents historiens. Trop souvent nĂ©gligĂ©e, la pĂ©ninsule des Balkans est ici particuliĂšrement Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă cĂŽtĂ© des grandes puissances traditionnelles europĂ©ennes. Compte tenu de leurs histoires respectives, certains pays ont vu la mĂ©moire de la Grande Guerre avoir une forte dynamique historiographique et mĂ©morielle quand dans dâautres elle a Ă©tĂ© relayĂ©e au second plan par dâautres Ă©vĂ©nements contemporains. Ces articles consacrĂ©s aux cas nationaux coexistent avec des Ă©tudes novatrices consacrĂ©es aux dimensions paneuropĂ©ennes et transnationales des mĂ©moires, courants historiographiques Ă©mergents qui ouvrent une perspective diffĂ©rente
Entre information et propagande : la GrÚce dans la presse britannique et française pendant la PremiÚre Guerre mondiale
In this article, we present British and French propaganda during the First World War, whose aim was to shape and control, through the press, public opinion in these two countries. First, we examine the role of the official bodies responsible for propaganda, the Ministry of Information in Great Britain and the Maison de la presse in France, and the role of the censorship imposed on the press. This censorship was practised in a different way in the two countries, French censorship being much more rigorous than British. Next, we describe the image of Greece given through the English and French press during the First World War, specifying the events which the newspapers particularly concentrated on. We also mention the kind of information concerning Greek affairs which was banned by the censors. Finally, we present the various propagandist activities of the Greek government, notably its efforts to influence English and French journalistic circles, the subsidies given to newspapers and the creation of telegraphic agencies
La PremiÚre Guerre mondiale des Grecs : une guerre oubliée
LâintĂ©rĂȘt limitĂ© pour le centenaire de la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale en GrĂšce reflĂšte la position globale sous-Ă©valuĂ©e de cet Ă©vĂ©nement dans lâhistoriographie et la mĂ©moire collective du pays, mĂȘme si les annĂ©es 1914-1918 constituent lâune des pĂ©riodes les plus complexes, controversĂ©es et dĂ©cisives dans lâhistoire grecque moderne. Câest seulement dans les annĂ©es 1919-1940 que lâon peut trouver des rĂ©fĂ©rences nombreuses Ă la Grande Guerre, principalement (mais pas exclusivement) axĂ©es sur les conflits internes douloureux qui ont touchĂ© la GrĂšce pendant le conflit. Les raisons pour lesquelles la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale, dans ses dimensions nationales et internationales, mĂ©rite plus dâattention dans le dialogue public et acadĂ©mique en GrĂšce, sont expliquĂ©es en dĂ©tail dans le texte. En outre, une partie est dĂ©diĂ©e Ă des interprĂ©tations possibles pour lâapprĂ©ciation insuffisante de lâĂ©vĂ©nement, qui a Ă©tĂ© Ă©clipsĂ© par les Ă©vĂ©nements dramatiques ultĂ©rieurs de lâhistoire grecque.The limited interest for the centenary of the First World War in Greece reflects the overall undervalued position of this event in the historiography and collective memory of the country, even if the years 1914-1918 constitute in fact one of the most complex, controversial and decisive periods in modern Greek history. Only in the years 1919-1940 one can find numerous references to the Great War, mainly (but not exclusively) focused on the painful internal strife that had plagued Greece during the conflict. The reasons why the First World War, in both its domestic and international dimensions, deserves more attention in the public and academic dialogue in Greece, are explained in detail in the text. In addition, a chapter is dedicated to possible interpretations for the insufficient appreciation of the event, which has been overshadowed by later dramatic events of Greek history
La question de la diversitĂ© Ă travers lâenseignement des questions « sensibles » : lâexemple de lâextermination de la communautĂ© juive de Rhodes
Nous traversons une pĂ©riode de transition dâimportance cruciale dominĂ©e par deux tendances historiques rivales, sâopposant de fait. Les traits gĂ©nĂ©raux de la premiĂšre tendance sont : la mondialisation, la dynamique de lâinterdĂ©pendance supranationale des Ătats, le caractĂšre normatif des droits de lâhomme par rapport au droit national, lâintensification des flux migratoires se dirigeant des Ătats du Tiers-Monde vers les mĂ©tropoles occidentales (immigration clandestine ou lĂ©gale, rĂ©fugiĂ©s polit..
Cent ans aprÚs : la mémoire de la PremiÚre Guerre mondiale
Il y a cent ans prenait fin la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale. Ses commĂ©morations nous permettent de reconsidĂ©rer dans son ensemble et dans ses spĂ©cificitĂ©s les formes de la mĂ©moire du conflit. Mais peut-on parler dâune mĂ©moire ? Il existe en rĂ©alitĂ© une pluralitĂ© de mĂ©moires qui varient selon les origines familiale et sociale, mais qui restent largement nationale et hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne dâun pays Ă un autre. Lâobjet de cette publication est de cartographier lâĂ©volution dans le temps, jusquâĂ aujourdâhui, des mĂ©moires de la PremiĂšre Guerre mondiale en Europe, Ă travers les textes dâĂ©minents historiens. Trop souvent nĂ©gligĂ©e, la pĂ©ninsule des Balkans est ici particuliĂšrement Ă©tudiĂ©e Ă cĂŽtĂ© des grandes puissances traditionnelles europĂ©ennes. Compte tenu de leurs histoires respectives, certains pays ont vu la mĂ©moire de la Grande Guerre avoir une forte dynamique historiographique et mĂ©morielle quand dans dâautres elle a Ă©tĂ© relayĂ©e au second plan par dâautres Ă©vĂ©nements contemporains. Ces articles consacrĂ©s aux cas nationaux coexistent avec des Ă©tudes novatrices consacrĂ©es aux dimensions paneuropĂ©ennes et transnationales des mĂ©moires, courants historiographiques Ă©mergents qui ouvrent une perspective diffĂ©rente.One hundred years ago, the First World War ended. The commemorations allow us to reconsider the forms of the collective memory of the conflict as a whole and through specific features. But can we speak of a single type of collective memory? There is in fact a plurality of collective memories that vary according to family and social origins, but which remain largely national and heterogeneous from one country to another. The aim of this publication is to map the evolution over time, up until today, of the collective memories of the First World War in Europe, through the texts of eminent historians. Too often neglected, the Balkan Peninsula is particularly studied here, alongside the traditional great European powers. Taking into account their respective histories, the collective memories of the Great War seem to have a strong dynamic in some countries, whereas in others they were relegated to the background by other contemporary events. The articles devoted to national cases coexist with innovative studies focusing on the pan-European and transnational dimensions of the collective memories, linked to emerging historiographical approaches, which open a fresh perspective in First World War studies