Bitter taste stimuli induce differential neural codes in mouse brain.

A growing literature suggests taste stimuli commonly classified as "bitter" induce heterogeneous neural and perceptual responses. Here, the central processing of bitter stimuli was studied in mice with genetically controlled bitter taste profiles. Using these mice removed genetic heterogeneity as a factor influencing gustatory neural codes for bitter stimuli. Electrophysiological activity (spikes) was recorded from single neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius during oral delivery of taste solutions (26 total), including concentration series of the bitter tastants quinine, denatonium benzoate, cycloheximide, and sucrose octaacetate (SOA), presented to the whole mouth for 5 s. Seventy-nine neurons were sampled; in many cases multiple cells (2 to 5) were recorded from a mouse. Results showed bitter stimuli induced variable gustatory activity. For example, although some neurons responded robustly to quinine and cycloheximide, others displayed concentration-dependent activity (p<0.05) to quinine but not cycloheximide. Differential activity to bitter stimuli was observed across multiple neurons recorded from one animal in several mice. Across all cells, quinine and denatonium induced correlated spatial responses that differed (p<0.05) from those to cycloheximide and SOA. Modeling spatiotemporal neural ensemble activity revealed responses to quinine/denatonium and cycloheximide/SOA diverged during only an early, at least 1 s wide period of the taste response. Our findings highlight how temporal features of sensory processing contribute differences among bitter taste codes and build on data suggesting heterogeneity among "bitter" stimuli, data that challenge a strict monoguesia model for the bitter quality

Why medical students choose not to carry out an intercalated BSc : a questionnaire study.

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Letter from Mrs. John Gill Lemon to Mrs. Muir [Louie Strenzel Muir]

(3) It [grows] regions a foot and one [ ] and studied the Sequoias, pines, firs etc. And on one of the trips my comrade husband discovered a fine new lily. A species not-here-before reported. It was a good find in its sunny mountain home. We hear that the big, perfect crowned Sequoia in Rob Roy Canon is not to be cut down. This will be good [word] news to your Father. I am sure, if he has not already heard of it. With best wishes always Yours Truly Mrs John Gill Lemmo

BGS: education through open doors and OpenGeoscience

The British Geological Survey (BGS) has supported geoscience education since it opened the Museum of Economic Geology in Whitehall, London, in 1841. However, the BGS has taken some large leaps since the wooden display cabinets of yesteryear, and now the public can browse a geologic map of the entire United Kingdom on their mobile phones, fly over or under the landscape using GeoVisionary, or view and print our fossil collections in three dimensions. In 2010, the BGS opened its doors to its vast collections of data through OpenGeoscience, which has stimulated opportunities to educate the public through a variety of online maps and free data. The BGS also hosts events such as “Open Days” and Rock Detective Clubs and attends science fairs to demonstrate its latest research or simply to educate and inspire the next generation of scientists. But nothing engages children's imagination like the destructive power of an earthquake. The BGS-led School Seismology project offers in-depth learning about the structure of the earth through a set of simple classroom experiments and the opportunity to work with live data from real earthquakes. The School Seismology project has become popular with teachers around the world and will shortly venture into space to explore the seismology of Mars

Afterwards

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/3930/thumbnail.jp

The complexities of perceived and empirical reality on environmental performance: Industrial case studies in China, Lithuania and Poland

The culture of a company is often cited as the basis for how well that company performs both economically and environmentally. This can also lead to the development and adoption of generic management approaches that fail to adequately acknowledge the existence of multiple cultures within the organization or the potential disjuncture between how performance is perceived by personnel and any attempts to measure that performance in an ‘objective’ manner. This failure to respond to the complexity of multiple cultures and perceived performance and the instigation of over‐arching management systems can discourage constructive dissent and hinder the related capacity for innovation and improvement. This paper draws upon research into the level of congruence between perceived and objective measures of environmental performance in thirteen factories from the heavy industrial sector in China and Eastern Europe. It presents findings that suggest managerial interactions, both laterally and vertically, are mediated by socio‐cultural networks within and between family, community and workplace, resulting in a high level of unbounded complexity that influences the alignment between perceived and objective environmental realities. Aplinkos apsaugos veiksmingumo suvokimo ir empirinės realybės neatitiktis: Kinijos, Lietuvos ir Lenkijos įmonių pavyzdžiai Santrauka. Įmonės kultūra dažnai siejama su imonės ekonominiu ir aplinkosauginiu veiksmingumu. Tai veda prie bendrų valdymo principų plėtojimo ir taikymo, tačiau šie principai nepakankamai įvertina organizacijoje egzistuojančias daugialypes kultūras arba galimą atskirtį tarp darbuotojų suvokiamo aplinkosauginio veiksmingumo ir bandymu jį „objektyviai” išmatuoti. Straipsnyje pateiktas tyrimas susijęs su įsivaizduojamų ir objektyvių aplinkosauginio veiksmingumo priemonių palyginimu trylikoje Kinijos ir Rytu Europos sunkiosios pramonės įmonių. Rezultatai įrodė, kad ir horizontalusis, ir vertikalusis vadovavimo principas yra veikiami socialinių‐kultūrinių ryšiu šeimose, bendruomenėse ir darbo aplinkoje, todėl neišvengiamai lemia sudėtingumą lyginant suvokiamą ir objektyvią aplinkos apsaugos realybę. Reikšminiai žodžiai: sudetingumas, kultūra, realybė, kalba, hierarchija. Понимание природоохранной действенности и сложность эмпирической реальности на примере предприятий из Китая, Литвы и Польши Резюме. Культура предприятия зачастую оценивается на основании экономической и природоохранной действенности предприятия. Это способствует развитию и приспособлению общих принципов управления, однако эти принципы в недостаточной степени оценивают многогранную культуру, царящую в организации. Можно различить понимаемую работниками природоохранную действенность и попытки объективно ее измерить. Представленное в статье исследование направлено на сравнение своеобразно понимаемых и объективных природоохранных мер на тринадцати предприятиях тяжелой промышленности в Китае и Восточной Европе. Результаты показали, что как горизонтальный, так и вертикальный принципы руководства действенны в семьях, обществах и рабочей среде с социально-культурными связями, поэтому обусловлены сложностями, оказывающими воздействие на объективную природоохранную реальность. Ключевые слова: сложность, культура, реальность, язык, иерархия. First Published Online: 14 Oct 201

Term-time Employment and Student Attainment in Higher Education

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Reversible Carbon Monoxide Binding and Inhibition at the Active Site of the Fe-Only Hydrogenase

Carbon monoxide binding and inhibition have been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy in solution and in crystals of structurally described states of the Fe-only hydrogenase (CpI) from Clostridium pasteurianum. Simulation of the EPR spectrum of the as-isolated state indicates that the main component of the EPR spectrum consists of the oxidized state of the “H cluster” and components due to reduced accessory FeS clusters. Addition of carbon monoxide to CpI in the presence of dithionite results in the inhibition of hydrogen evolution activity, and a characteristic axial EPR signal [geff(1), geff(2), and geff(3) = 2.0725, 2.0061, and 2.0061, respectively] was observed. Hydrogen evolution activity was restored by successive sparging with hydrogen and argon and resulted in samples that exhibited the native oxidized EPR signature that could be converted to the reduced form upon addition of sodium dithionite and hydrogen. To examine the relationship between the spectroscopically defined states of CpI and those observed structurally by X-ray crystallography, we have examined the CpI crystals using EPR spectroscopy. EPR spectra of the crystals in the CO-bound state exhibit the previously described axial signal associated with CO binding. The results indicate that the addition of carbon monoxide to CpI results in a single reversible carbon monoxide-bound species characterized by loss of enzyme activity and the distinctive axial EPR signal

The Closure of the Templeton Centre

This M.A. thesis argues that the closure of the Templeton Centre was caused by the convergence of political, social and economic trends in psychopaedic care, occurring in other Western countries. The research paper commences with an historical exploration of the emergence of state institutions. It continues with an investigation of the role scandals played in creating the demand for the closure of psychopaedic institutions. The disability rights movements' discourse of 'normalisation', is shown as the social ideological force in the closure of state institutions, while neo-liberal ideology is seen to exploit deinstitutionalisation for economic gains. The research concludes with an assessment of parental and public reactions to the community placement of people with intellectual disabilities and an analysis of the positive outcomes and negative consequences of deinstitutionalisation. While current research on the closure of the Templeton Centre has explored the effect of deinstitutionalisation on the intellectually disabled and their respective families, the contribution of this research to the subject is its exploration of the sociological causes and effects of the deinstitutionalisation of the Templeton Centre The research methodology involved the collection, collation and interpretation of primary and secondary documents to construct a sociological account of the deinstitutionalistion of the Templeton Centre. The primary sources include health and social welfare documents, newsletters and letters and the secondary sources comprises books, journals and newspaper articles. The principal argument is that the Western political, social and economic ideologies which converged at differing times to create, shape and eventually close psychopaedic institutions, also affected the Templeton Centre (1929 to 1999) in New Zealand. The research paper's conclusion is that Western political, social and economic trends will continue to shape New Zealand Governments' policies on people with intellectual disabilities. Therefore, disability research specialists must continue to study changes on the international stage, to enable them to predict the probable discourses, issues and events which will inevitably occur in New Zealand

Recovery from a cycling time trial is enhanced with carbohydrate-protein supplementation vs. isoenergetic carbohydrate supplementation

Background: In this study we assessed whether a liquid carbohydrate-protein (C+P) supplement (0.8 g/kg C; 0.4 g/kg P) ingested early during recovery from a cycling time trial could enhance a subsequent 60 min effort on the same day vs. an isoenergetic liquid carbohydrate (CHO) supplement (1.2 g/kg). Methods: Two hours after a standardized breakfast, 15 trained male cyclists completed a time trial in which they cycled as far as they could in 60 min (AMex) using a Computrainer indoor trainer. Following AMex, subjects ingested either C+P, or CHO at 10, 60 and 120 min, followed by a standardized meal at 4 h post exercise. At 6 h post AMex subjects repeated the time trial (PMex). Results: There was a significant reduction in performance for both groups in PMex versus AMex. However, performance and power decreases between PMex and AMex were significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) with CHO (-1.05 ± 0.44 km and -16.50 ± 6.74 W) vs C+P (-0.30 ± 0.50 km and -3.86 ± 6.47 W). Fat oxidation estimated from RER values was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.05) in the C+P vs CHO during the PMex, despite a higher average workload in the C+P group. Conclusion: Under these experimental conditions, liquid C+P ingestion immediately after exercise increases fat oxidation, increases recovery, and improves subsequent same day, 60 min efforts relative to isoenergetic CHO ingestion