226 research outputs found
Analyses de journalisation d'utilisation d'un guide d'étude informatisé en mathématiques pour étudiants en génie
Résumé
Cette thĂšse porte sur la façon dont on peut Ă©tudier avec un outil disponible en ligne. Un guide dâĂ©tude en ligne est ici prĂ©sentĂ© ainsi quâune mĂ©thodologie dâanalyse des traces produites par une journalisation des actions des utilisateurs. AprĂšs lâutilisation du guide par 116 utilisateurs, une analyse de cette journalisation assortie dâentrevues avec des utilisateurs rĂ©vĂšle un certain nombre de comportements.
Le guide est un exerciseur de 1030 problĂšmes de mathĂ©matiques rĂ©partis dans 144 sujets couvrant 10 thĂšmes de mathĂ©matiques de niveau prĂ©universitaire. Il est assorti de lâĂ©quivalent de 152 pages de notes comprenant des explications, des thĂ©orĂšmes et des exemples. Et câest lors de leur admission que les Ă©tudiants de lâĂcole Polytechnique de MontrĂ©al sont invitĂ©s Ă Ă©valuer par un test en ligne si leurs connaissances en mathĂ©matiques sont adĂ©quates pour poursuivre une formation en gĂ©nie. Ă ce moment, ils sont invitĂ©s Ă utiliser le guide.
La mĂ©thodologie est conçue pour comprendre comment les Ă©tudiants utilisent lâexerciseur par lâextraction de patrons dâutilisation Ă partir de donnĂ©es journalisĂ©es. Lâanalyse des actions des utilisateurs est notamment traduite dans des diagrammes dâĂ©tats qui permettent de constater visuellement lâĂ©mergence de ces patrons.
La journalisation a ainsi permis de rĂ©pertorier trois modes dâutilisation de lâapplication : un mode exploratoire, un mode de consultation des notes et un mode dâexĂ©cution des exercices. Le mode exploratoire correspond surtout Ă un parcours des exercices. Câest le stade « dâacceptation » de lâapplication sans que lâutilisateur se compromette Ă ce que la littĂ©rature identifie comme une « continuitĂ© dâutilisation ». Le mode de consultation des notes consiste dâabord Ă consulter des notes et accessoirement Ă exĂ©cuter quelques exercices. Le mode dâexĂ©cution des exercices, Ă lâinverse, consiste Ă rĂ©soudre des exercices et Ă consulter les notes pour faciliter lâexĂ©cution des exercices.
Lâanalyse de la journalisation doit tenir compte dâun phĂ©nomĂšne dĂ©crit par la littĂ©rature sous la terminologie « dâengagement ». La contrepartie de « lâengagement » est le « dĂ©sengagement » qui correspond Ă des moments oĂč lâutilisateur nâutilise pas lâapplication pour ce Ă quoi elle est conçue alors quâil vaque Ă dâautres occupations bien quâil soit connectĂ©. Dans le contexte de ce guide dâĂ©tude, il est assez facile dâappliquer la notion « dâengagement » lors du parcours des exercices. Il est plus pĂ©rilleux de lâappliquer au mode de consultation des notes ou dâexĂ©cution des exercices. En effet la consultation des notes ne correspond pas quâĂ la seule prise de connaissances des informations affichĂ©es sur les pages et câest encore plus vrai pour lâexĂ©cution des exercices qui exige une charge cognitive encore plus Ă©levĂ©e.
Un utilisateur a exĂ©cutĂ© les 1030 exercices en un peu moins de 155 heures. 55 utilisateurs ont exĂ©cutĂ© des exercices. Un expert a Ă©tĂ© sollicitĂ© pour rĂ©soudre les 1030 exercices et le temps quâil y a consacrĂ© a Ă©tĂ© retenu Ă des fins de comparaison et dâanalyse.
Il est difficile dâinterprĂ©ter le temps de rĂ©solution des exercices. Ainsi, lorsque les temps dâexĂ©cution des exercices sont scrutĂ©s Ă lâĂ©chelle dâun sujet, il nây a pas de corrĂ©lation entre les temps dâexĂ©cution des utilisateurs et ceux de lâexpert. Par contre, on peut constater de fortes corrĂ©lations Ă lâĂ©chelle des modules lorsquâon compare la somme des temps dâexĂ©cution par sujet des utilisateurs qui ont rĂ©solu tous les exercices. En dâautres termes, si on peut comparer les temps dâexercices les uns aux autres, on peut les comparer dâun sujet Ă lâautre entre Ă©tudiants et experts.
Une analyse des rapports entre les temps des utilisateurs et celui de lâexpert a Ă©tĂ© faite afin dâĂ©valuer si ce rapport diminuait entre le premier exercice et le dernier exercice dâun mĂȘme sujet. Dans 60 % des cas on constate une pente nĂ©gative de cette courbe qui permettrait dâinterprĂ©ter une progression de lâapprentissage. Cette prĂ©somption repose sur le fait que lâutilisateur a bien rĂ©solu lâexercice lorsquâil a pris connaissance de la rĂ©ponse et que le temps mesurĂ© par la journalisation nâest pas trop contaminĂ© par des dĂ©sengagements.
La plupart des utilisateurs ont dâabord exĂ©cutĂ© les exercices des deux premiers modules. Enfin, deux versions de lâapplication ont Ă©tĂ© mises en production. Par contre, une autre disposition de la deuxiĂšme version a eu un effet non prĂ©vu sur lâutilisation du guide. En effet, un exercice par sujet a Ă©tĂ© dâabord rendu accessible aux utilisateurs. Ainsi, par exemple, en ouvrant lâapplication, les utilisateurs avaient accĂšs Ă 30 exercices : un exercice pour chacun des sujets du module « Exposants et radicaux ». La majoritĂ© des utilisateurs de la deuxiĂšme version qui ont exĂ©cutĂ© des exercices ont donc systĂ©matiquement fait un exercice par sujet. Ainsi, les utilisateurs ont donc tendance Ă exĂ©cuter les exercices dans lâordre qui leur est prĂ©sentĂ©.
Deux analyses qui contribuent Ă la recherche rapportĂ©e par cette thĂšse sont rapportĂ©es. La premiĂšre (Lemieux, Desmarais & Robillard, 2013) propose une façon innovatrice de prĂ©senter graphiquement les sĂ©quences temporelles dâactions des utilisateurs. Elle identifie une catĂ©gorisation des utilisateurs par niveaux de motivations. Les utilisateurs sây distinguent par le temps total quâils consacrent Ă lâapplication : moins de une minute pour le premier niveau, une Ă 10 minutes pour le deuxiĂšme niveau, 10 minutes Ă deux heures pour le troisiĂšme niveau et plus de deux heures pour le quatriĂšme niveau. Les utilisateurs des premier et deuxiĂšme niveaux nâont pas tendance Ă faire des exercices. Par ailleurs, il nây a pas de lien entre le rĂ©sultat du prĂ©test et la volontĂ© dâutiliser le guide. Les Ă©tudiants utilisent plus ou moins le guide sans Ă©gard au rĂ©sultat obtenu.
Lâautre analyse (Desmarais & Lemieux, 2013) propose, elle, dâidentifier des comportements dâutilisateur Ă partir de sĂ©quences dâactivitĂ©s. Six types dâagrĂ©gations dâactions sont identifiĂ©s eux-mĂȘmes regroupĂ©s en trois types de comportements qui sont dominĂ©s par lâexĂ©cution des exercices, lâexploration des notes et des exercices et par des patrons dâutilisation variĂ©s.
Les donnĂ©es tirĂ©es de la journalisation du guide dâĂ©tude recĂšlent dâinformations qui gagneront Ă ĂȘtre explorĂ©es en profondeur. La recherche future devrait sâorienter vers une meilleure identification de la « continuitĂ© dâutilisation » et de « lâengagement » lorsque dâautres donnĂ©es seront disponibles et que lâutilisation de lâapplication pourra ĂȘtre mesurĂ©e dans des conditions contrĂŽlĂ©es. Cela permettra dâidentifier la motivation extrinsĂšque et la motivation intrinsĂšque qui animent les utilisateurs.
Les contributions de cette recherche sont une reprĂ©sentation graphique des actions des utilisateurs pour ce type de guide dâĂ©tude, une catĂ©gorisation des modes dâutilisation de ce guide, de preuves de lâexistence dâun apprentissage et la constatation quâune proportion apprĂ©ciable des utilisateurs suivent lâordre dâexĂ©cution des exercices proposĂ© par le guide.----------Abstract
This thesis investigates how people study with an online tool. An eLearning study guide is presented actions and a new methodology to analyze its users log traces is introduced. The methodology is shown successful in revealing study patterns of the 116 users who used the learning environments. Interviews complement the log analysis.
The study guide is an exerciser that includes 1030 problems spread across144 subjects on 10 mathematics themes at the pre-university level. The exerciser comprises 152 pages of notes including explanations, theorems and examples. When admitted, Ăcole Polytechnique de MontrĂ©al studentsâ are invited to take a self-assessment test. Their mathematics skills are courses assessed with regards to prerequisite knowledge of the first year engineering courses. Once the test is completed, they are invited to use the online study guide.
A methodology is developed to better understand how students use the exerciser to study, and to extract usage patterns from the data. It relies on the analysis of user events log data to derive state diagrams that can be displayed visually, and from which patterns of use emerge.
The patterns that emerge show three usage modes of the application: an exploratory mode, a consulting notes mode and an exercise execution mode. The exploratory mode is mainly a walk through exercises without longer term involvement. It corresponds to the âacceptationâ of the application without user compromising to âcontinuance intentionâ, as known in eLearning literature. Log analysis must take in account a phenomenon called âengagementâ where its counterpart âdisengagementâ happens when connected user gets involved in activities not related the application. While âdisengagementâ is easily detectable during exercises navigation, it harder to detect during notes consulting and exercises execution. Note consulting is not only reading, no neither is exercises resolution.
One user did all the 1030 exercises in approximately 155 hours. 55 users did exercises. An expert did the 1030 exercises and his time resolution was stored for analysis usage. An expert did the 1030 exercises and his time resolution was stored for analysis. Exercise resolution times are hard to interpret. There are some strong correlations in specific contexts. But, when time resolutions of all the exercises in a subject are considered, there are no correlations between expert time and usersâ times.
A ratio analysis of user time and expert time has been done to determine if a decrease could be observed between the first exercise and the last exercise of a subject. A negative slope is observed for 60 % of the subjects where exercises were done. A learning progress can be interpreted form these data if the user had effectively resolved the exercises when he validated the answer and if time measured through log data is not corrupted by disengagement.
Most of the users did exercises from the first 2 modules. According to the data, at least 40% of the users did follow the presented order of the application. On the other hand, two versions of the application were used. In the second version, an exercise by subject was directly available at the first level menu. So by clicking the first module menu, there were 30 exercises extracted from each of the subjects into the module. Log analysis reveals that a vast majority of the users using the second version of the application did one exercise by subject rather than all the exercises within the subjects. They also did the exercises as presented by the application.
In addition to the research contributions described above, the thesis also includes two papers that respectively report investigations on short term vs. long term usage patterns, and on clustering of usage patterns.
The first paper (Lemieux et al., 2013) introduces a variant of the activity visualization method, and how to use it to classify users based on their as measured by their duration of use. It shows that short term users (10 minutes and less) typically are not involved in doing exercises. Another finding is that the result of a student at the pre-test, aiming specifically at identifying potential shortcomings of math prerequisites, is not a good predictor of the long term use of the study guide. In spite of the fact that the study guide was intended to address the shortcomings for low performers at the pre-test, both low and high performers are in long term use almost indistinctively.
The second paper (Desmarais & Lemieux, 2013) investigates the use of clustering techniques to automatically derive usage patterns. It relies on the Levenshtein distance between activity state sequence to agglomerate similar study sessions. Six types of study sessions are derived and displayed by the visualization technique introduced in the thesis. The visualization allows for a clear interpretation of the six clusters into three main categories that are more or less in line with the patterns (modes) described in the thesis, namely short term explorers that stop usage after a short period, sessions where students are mostly browsing through notes and exercises, and sessions where students are involved in exercise problem solving. The study also shows that new sessions can be reliably classified in the six clusters.
Data from the study guide log files are contain a wealth of information to investigate how students study with an online tool, and this thesis introduces methods to visualize and understand this type of data. Future research would be oriented toward âcontinuance intentionâ and âengagementâ. New data in controlled experimental conditions would be useful for this aim.
Contributions of this research are an innovative way of presenting graphically users actions for this type of study guide, a way to categorize usage modes of this guide, some evidence indicators of learning and an exercises execution order fixed by the guide followed by a large part of the users
L'application du traité de Troyes, 21 mai 1420 : au-delà de l'échec, dix années de tentatives et d'efforts au royaume de France
Les termes du traitĂ© de paix entre Charles VI et Henri V qui est ratifiĂ© par les deux souverains Ă Troyes en mai 1420 sont plutĂŽt clairs et paraissent aisĂ©ment applicables : lâunique hĂ©ritier de Charles VI, le dauphin Charles, est dĂ©shĂ©ritĂ©; Henri V, par le mariage qui lâunit Ă la fille du roi de France, Catherine, devient le nouveau successeur lĂ©gitime de Charles VI et, lorsque celui-ci mourra, rĂšgnera sur le France et lâAngleterre sans toutefois unir les deux royaumes; le traitĂ© scelle aussi lâalliance entre la Bourgogne, lâAngleterre et la moitiĂ© nord de la France dans la guerre contre le parti armagnac que dirigie le dauphin Charles et qui contrĂŽle la moitie sud, le royaume de Bourges.
Toutefois, lorsque la cĂ©rĂ©monie de la cathĂ©drale Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul de Troyes se termine, la thĂ©orie du document se heurte Ă une rĂ©alitĂ© bien diffĂ©rente. Alors que le traitĂ© prĂ©voit une adhĂ©sion totale de la moitiĂ© nord de la France Ă la paix et la disparition politique du parti armagnac du dauphin Charles, câest tout le contraire qui se produit : des mouvements dâopposition ou de rĂ©sistance au traitĂ© et Ă lâautoritĂ© quâil confĂšre Ă Henri V comme hĂ©ritier et rĂ©gent de France surgissent de toute part et le parti du dauphin, bien loin de disparaĂźtre, tient tĂȘte Ă la « coalition » anglo-franco-bourguignonne. Ă tout cela vient sâajouter le dĂ©cĂšs prĂ©maturĂ©, en aoĂ»t 1422, dâHenri V qui, lorsque Charles VI le suit dans la tombe en octobre de la mĂȘme annĂ©e, laisse les royaumes de France et dâAngleterre entre les mains dâun roi qui nâa pas encore un an.
Tous ces faits semblent bien signifier lâĂ©chec de la paix et les responsables chargĂ©s de lâappliquer en sont tout Ă fait conscients. Il nâen demeure pas moins que la dĂ©cennie qui suit la ratification du traitĂ©, malgrĂ© tout ce qui sây oppose, est le thĂ©Ăątre dâune vĂ©ritable tentative dâapplication de la paix de Troyes ou, du moins, des articles et des Ă©lĂ©ments de celui-ci que lâont peut rĂ©ellement mettre en pratique.The terms of the peace ratified by Charles VI and Henry V in Troyes in May 1420 are pretty clear and seem easy to apply : the dauphin Charles, sole heir of king Charles VI, is disinheritaded; Henry V, by wedding the daughter of the king of France, Catherine, becomes the new legitimate heir of Charles VI and, when the latter is to die, will reign over France and England without, however, unifying the two kingdoms; the treaty of Troyes also seals the alliance between Burgundy, England and the northern half of France in the war against the armagnac party of the dauphin Charles which controls the southern part of France, the kingdom of Bourges.
Yet, when the peace ceremony of the cathedral of Saint Peter and Saint Paul of Troyes is over, the theory of the treaty comes up against a completely different reality. While the treaty plans a total adherence to the peace from the northern half of France and the politic death of the armagnac party and of the dauphin Charles, what occurs is quite the opposite : aresistance movements to the treaty itself and to the authority that it gives to Henry V as heir and regent of France arise from everywhere and the dauphinâs party, far from disapearing, holds fast against the « coalition » formed by England, France and Burgundy. Last but not least comes the untimely death of Henry V in August 1422 wich, once Charles VI follows him in death in the following October, leaves the kingdoms of Fance and England in the hands of a less than one year hold baby-king.
All those facts seem to imply a quick failure of the peace and the people in charge of applying it know it too well. Nevertheless, the ten years following the ratification of the treaty and despite every difficulties against it are the withnesses to a genuine attempt to properly apply the peace of Troyes or, at least, of some of its clauses and elements that really can be putted into practice
The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of the green alga Oltmannsiellopsis viridis reveals a distinctive quadripartite architecture in the chloroplast genome of early diverging ulvophytes
BACKGROUND: The phylum Chlorophyta contains the majority of the green algae and is divided into four classes. The basal position of the Prasinophyceae has been well documented, but the divergence order of the Ulvophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae is currently debated. The four complete chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences presently available for representatives of these classes have revealed extensive variability in overall structure, gene content, intron composition and gene order. The chloroplast genome of Pseudendoclonium (Ulvophyceae), in particular, is characterized by an atypical quadripartite architecture that deviates from the ancestral type by a large inverted repeat (IR) featuring an inverted rRNA operon and a small single-copy (SSC) region containing 14 genes normally found in the large single-copy (LSC) region. To gain insights into the nature of the events that led to the reorganization of the chloroplast genome in the Ulvophyceae, we have determined the complete cpDNA sequence of Oltmannsiellopsis viridis, a representative of a distinct, early diverging lineage. RESULTS: The 151,933 bp IR-containing genome of Oltmannsiellopsis differs considerably from Pseudendoclonium and other chlorophyte cpDNAs in intron content and gene order, but shares close similarities with its ulvophyte homologue at the levels of quadripartite architecture, gene content and gene density. Oltmannsiellopsis cpDNA encodes 105 genes, contains five group I introns, and features many short dispersed repeats. As in Pseudendoclonium cpDNA, the rRNA genes in the IR are transcribed toward the single copy region featuring the genes typically found in the ancestral LSC region, and the opposite single copy region harbours genes characteristic of both the ancestral SSC and LSC regions. The 52 genes that were transferred from the ancestral LSC to SSC region include 12 of those observed in Pseudendoclonium cpDNA. Surprisingly, the overall gene organization of Oltmannsiellopsis cpDNA more closely resembles that of Chlorella (Trebouxiophyceae) cpDNA. CONCLUSION: The chloroplast genome of the last common ancestor of Oltmannsiellopsis and Pseudendoclonium contained a minimum of 108 genes, carried only a few group I introns, and featured a distinctive quadripartite architecture. Numerous changes were experienced by the chloroplast genome in the lineages leading to Oltmannsiellopsis and Pseudendoclonium. Our comparative analyses of chlorophyte cpDNAs support the notion that the Ulvophyceae is sister to the Chlorophyceae
De l'altruisme dans les bornes de l'Ă©goĂŻsme
Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothÚques de l'Université de Montréal
Improving Structural Lumber Quality in a Sample of Picea Mariana Logs Sawn According to the Knots
This paper examines the effect of knots on the strength recovery of black spruce lumber. A model was developed and used to simulate sawing and grading of boards from knotty logs. Since a log internal defect scanner was unavailable, the internal knot morphology was modeled from external measurements. A standard cant and flitch sawing pattern was used in the simulations and rotated about the log axis. for each 30° of log rotation, the theoretical lumber grades were obtained based on knot sizes and positions within the boards. A best and worst sawing rotation angle based on the potential lumber grade yield was retained for each of 54 logs simulated Half of the logs were sawn into 2 X 4 nominal lumber according to the best rotation angle and the other half according to the worst rotation angle. The resulting pieces of lumber were first visually graded according to the knots and then according to all defects, followed by dynamic MOE testing and finally tested to destruction using a third-point standard bending procedure. The results demonstrate that there was little difference in visual grades between the "best" and "worst" groups and that knots played a minimal role in grade determination of the boards. However, there was significant difference in terms of MOE values, where the group of "best" boards showed an overall 15% increase over the "worst" boards. This result significantly impacts the potential MSR yield of the sample pieces of lumber. Bending tests showed a lurther 25% difference in average MOR between the two groups. These results suggest that there is potential for black spruce to yield higher strength lumber when knots are considered during breakdown. Further refinements should include a model that determines quality in terms of knot position within the board section rather than one that determines quality in terms of potential visual grades
Improving the simulation of landfast ice by combining tensile strength and a parameterization for grounded ridges
ABSTRACT: In some coastal regions of the Arctic Ocean, grounded ice ridges contribute to stabilizing andmaintaining a landfast ice cover. Recently, a grounding scheme representing this effect on sea ice dynamicswas introduced and tested in a viscous-plastic sea ice model. This grounding scheme, based on a basalstress parameterization, improves the simulation of landfast ice in many regions such as in the East SiberianSea, the Laptev Sea, and along the coast of Alaska. Nevertheless, in some regions like the Kara Sea, the areaof landfast ice is systematically underestimated. This indicates that another mechanism such as ice archingis at play for maintaining the ice cover fast. To address this problem, the combination of the basal stressparameterization and tensile strength is investigated using a 0.258Pan-Arctic CICE-NEMO configuration.Both uniaxial and isotropic tensile strengths notably improve the simulation of landfast ice in the Kara Seabut also in the Laptev Sea. However, the simulated landfast ice season for the Kara Sea is too short com-pared to observations. This is especially obvious for the onset of the landfast ice season which systematical-ly occurs later in the model and with a slower build up. This suggests that improvements to the sea icethermodynamics could reduce these discrepancies with the data. Key Points - A grounding scheme is not enough to simulate landfast ice in Pan-Arctic simulations; - Both uniaxial and isotropic tensile strengths notably improve the simulation of landfast ice in deep coastal regions; - Simulated landfast ice season in the Kara Sea is still too short suggesting that thermodynamics should be improved
Comparing the cost-effectiveness of two- and three-dose schedules of human papillomavirus vaccination: a transmission-dynamic modelling study.
BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests that two doses of HPV vaccines may be as protective as three doses in the short-term. We estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of two- and three-dose schedules of girls-only and girls & boys HPV vaccination programmes in Canada. METHODS: We used HPV-ADVISE, an individual-based transmission-dynamic model of multi-type HPV infection and diseases (anogenital warts, and cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, penis and oropharynx). We conducted the analysis from the health payer perspective, with a 70-year time horizon and 3% discount rate, and performed extensive sensitivity analyses, including duration of vaccine protection and vaccine cost. FINDINGS: Assuming 80% coverage and a vaccine cost per dose of 7900-24,300. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of giving the third dose to girls (vs. two doses) was below $40,000/QALY-gained when: (i) three doses provide longer protection than two doses and (ii) two-dose protection was shorter than 30 years. Vaccinating boys (with two or three doses) was not cost-effective (vs. girls-only vaccination) under most scenarios investigated. INTERPRETATION: Two-dose HPV vaccination is likely to be cost-effective if its duration of protection is at least 10 years. A third dose of HPV vaccine is unlikely to be cost-effective if two-dose duration of protection is longer than 30 years. Finally, two-dose girls & boys HPV vaccination is unlikely to be cost-effective unless the cost per dose for boys is substantially lower than the cost for girls
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