Sensing the fuels: glucose and lipid signaling in the CNS controlling energy homeostasis

The central nervous system (CNS) is capable of gathering information on the body’s nutritional state and it implements appropriate behavioral and metabolic responses to changes in fuel availability. This feedback signaling of peripheral tissues ensures the maintenance of energy homeostasis. The hypothalamus is a primary site of convergence and integration for these nutrient-related feedback signals, which include central and peripheral neuronal inputs as well as hormonal signals. Increasing evidence indicates that glucose and lipids are detected by specialized fuel-sensing neurons that are integrated in these hypothalamic neuronal circuits. The purpose of this review is to outline the current understanding of fuel-sensing mechanisms in the hypothalamus, to integrate the recent findings in this field, and to address the potential role of dysregulation in these pathways in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Cholinergic receptor pathways involved in apoptosis, cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation

Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to modulate neuronal differentiation during early development. Both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) regulate a wide variety of physiological responses, including apoptosis, cellular proliferation and neuronal differentiation. However, the intracellular mechanisms underlying these effects of AChR signaling are not fully understood. It is known that activation of AChRs increase cellular proliferation and neurogenesis and that regulation of intracellular calcium through AChRs may underlie the many functions of ACh. Intriguingly, activation of diverse signaling molecules such as Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, protein kinase C and c-Src is modulated by AChRs. Here we discuss the roles of ACh in neuronal differentiation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. We also discuss the pathways involved in these processes, as well as the effects of novel endogenous AChRs agonists and strategies to enhance neuronal-differentiation of stem and neural progenitor cells. Further understanding of the intracellular mechanisms underlying AChR signaling may provide insights for novel therapeutic strategies, as abnormal AChR activity is present in many diseases

Perfil de egresso de Curso de Enfermagem nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais: uma aproximação Perfil de los alumnos egresados de las Escuelas de Enfermería, según las Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionales: una aproximación Profile of Nursing Schools egresses according to the National Curriculum Guidelines: an approach

A reestruturação curricular no curso de graduação em enfermagem, necessária a partir das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN), inicia suas atividades com a leitura crítica da Resolução 03/2001 e nela encontra-se, entre outras orientações, o perfil de egressos. O objetivo desta revisão crítica de literatura foi refletir sobre as palavras ou categorias explícitas no perfil de egressos sugeridas pelas DCN, utilizando de dicionários (de língua portuguesa e de filosofia) e de literaturas diversas (da enfermagem e de outras disciplinas), para compreendê-las de forma mais concreta e percebê-las relevantes na formação do profissional enfermeiro e, portanto, necessárias no Projeto Político Pedagógico (PPP). Reconhecem-se os valores da proposta do perfil de egressos das DCN na formação do enfermeiro, porém, torna-se importante perceber que não se trata só de estabelecer novos marcos, priorizar novos objetivos, mudar perfil, reestruturar conteúdos, restabelecer condições de funcionamento ou de cargas horárias, mas de realizar um trabalho coletivo de crescimento grupal.<br>La reestructuración curricular en el curso de graduación en enfermero, necesaria a partir de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales (DCN), se inicia sus actividades con la lectura crítica de la Resolución 03 / 2001 y en ella se encuentra, entre otras orientaciones, el perfil de egresos. E objetivo de esta revisión crítica de literatura fue reflexionar sobre las palabras o categorías explícitas en el perfil de egresos sugeridas por las DCN, utilizando de diccionarios (de lengua portuguesa y filosofía) y diversas literaturas (del enfermero y de otras disciplinas), para que las comprenda de forma mas concreta y la perciba relevantes en la formación del profesional enfermero y, por lo tanto, necesarias en el Proyecto Político Pedagógico (PPP). Se reconocen los valores de la propuesta del perfil de egresos de las DCN en la formación del enfermero, pero, se torna importante percibir que no se trata solo de establecer nuevos marcos, dar prioridad a nuevos objetivos, cambiar el perfil, reestructurar contenidos, restablecer condiciones de funcionamiento o cargas horarias, pero de realizar un trabajo colectivo en el crecimiento grupal.<br>The curriculum restructuration in the nursing graduation course, that is necessary according to the National Curriculum Guidelines (NCG), starts its activities with a critical reading of the Resolution 03/2201. In this Resolution, there is, besides others orientations, the egresses profile. This critical review of literature aimed at reflecting about the words or categories that the egresses profile contains, according to the NCG. It will be made by using dictionaries (of Portuguese language and philosophy) and literature diverse (of the nursing course and others subjects) to understand them better and perceive them relevant to the nurse professional formation and, consequently, essential in the Pedagogical Political Project (PPP). The values of the egresses profile proposal in the nurse's formation are recognized, but it is important to realize that it is not a matter of establish new marks, prioritize new objectives, change the profile, restructure subjects, reestablish functioning conditions or schedule only, but realize a collective work with a group growth

A visão ecológica: uma teia na enfermagem La visión ecologica: un tejido en enfermería Ecologic view: a web in the nursing

A partir de mudanças revolucionárias em conceitos de realidade ocasionadas pela física e pensamento modernos, nova e consistente visão do mundo surge, influenciada pela transição da física clássica para quântica. É propósito do estudo mostrar o pensamento de Capra favorecendo a disseminação do cuidado ecológico na enfermagem. O novo paradigma pode ser chamado de uma visão ecológica, a partir do entendimento de ecologia num sentido amplo e profundo. A saúde na visão holística e na teia de relações que compreende o pensamento ecológico exige do enfermeiro, em suas áreas de atividades uma percepção crítica concernente ao saber, saber-ser e saber-fazer, comprometido com transformações que afloraram das emoções, do encantamento, dos sentimentos, do cuidar da natureza como premissa para qualidade e existência da humanidade.<br>A partir de los cambios revolucionarios en conceptos de realidad impulsados por la física y el pensamiento moderno, nueva y consistente visión del mundo surge, influenciada por la transición de la física clásica hacia quántica. El estudio se propone mostrar el pensamiento de Capra influenciado la diseminación del cuidado ecológico en enfermería. El nuevo paradigma puede ser llamado una visión ecológica, partiendo de la comprensión de la ecología en un sentido amplio y profundo. La salud, la visión holística del hombre y del tejido de relaciones que abarca el pensamiento ecológico, exige del enfermero en sus áreas de actividad, una percepción crítica en relación al saber, saber ser y saber hacer comprometidos con transformaciones, el afloramiento de las emociones, del encantamiento, de los sentimientos, del cuidado de la naturaleza como premisa para la calidad y existencia de la humanidad.<br>From the revolutionary changes in reality concept, caused by physics and modern thoughts, new consistent vision of the world emerge and it is influenced from the classic physics to quantum physics transition. The aim of this study is to show Capra's thoughts influenced the ecologic nursing care dissemination. The new paradigm can be called an ecologic view in a wider and deeper perspective. Health in the holistic view of men with its relationship encompass an ecological thought in which requires nurses' competence area. Also it needs a critical thinking towards knowing, being and doing in order to compromise changes to raise emotions, enchantment and to take care of nature for the quality and existence of humanity