3 research outputs found
Second generation biofuels from microbial oil
Biodiesel can be produced from different oleaginous sources.
Currently, the most extended biodiesel originates from vegetable oils,
due to their availability and similar properties to diesel fuel. However,
the use of vegetable oil as feedstock to produce biodiesel is controversial
due to biodiesel low sustainability, potential conflict with food and the
use of arable land for energy purposes. In this context, this thesis
reviews novel alternatives to the traditional raw materials used to
produce biodiesel. Moreover, for sustainability reasons, the use of
agricultural practices in oilseed crops, focused on fertilizers, should be
reduced. In the present thesis, no influence over the quality of biodiesel
has been found, thus environment benefits are achieved.
The study of microbial oil produced from oleaginous yeasts in
tandem with reutilization of agro-industrial waste is another key point of
this thesis. Oleaginous yeast accumulates intracellular lipids through the
fermentation of various agro-industrial wastes. These microorganisms
accumulate different amounts of lipid with variable fatty acid
composition, according to the substrate used or the growth conditions.
Thus, it appears that glycerol, a by-product from the biodiesel industry,
in combination or not with hydrolysates from oilseed meal, is suitable as
a carbon source for many oleaginous yeasts for the production of lipids.
Finally, it may be concluded that the optimization of the culture
conditions (culture mode, temperature, etc.) for each oleaginous yeasts
can improve the intracellular lipid accumulation.El biodi茅sel se puede producir a partir de diferentes fuentes
oleaginosas, siendo las m谩s utilizadas los aceites vegetales, debido a su
disponibilidad y a aportar un biocombustible con propiedades similares
al gas贸leo. Sin embargo, el uso de aceite vegetal genera controversia
debido a su baja sostenibilidad, el conflicto potencial con el sector
alimenticio y la utilizaci贸n de tierra cultivable para uso energ茅tico. Por
ello, en esta tesis se hace una revisi贸n sobre alternativas novedosas a las
materias primas tradicionales para producir biodi茅sel. Por motivos de
sostenibilidad, el uso de pr谩cticas agr铆colas en los cultivos oleaginosos,
principalmente fertilizantes, debe reducirse al m铆nimo. En esta tesis se
ha apreciado que no afecta a la calidad del biodi茅sel producido, lo cual
redunda en un beneficio para el medio ambiente.
Otro pilar en que se sustenta esta tesis trata sobre el biodi茅sel
obtenido a partir de aceite microbiano producido por levaduras
oleaginosas, junto a la reutilizaci贸n de residuos agroindustriales. Estos
microorganismos pueden acumular diferentes cantidades de l铆pidos con
perfil de 谩cidos grasos variable, seg煤n el sustrato utilizado o las
condiciones de crecimiento. As铆, se aprecia que la glicerina, subproducto
de la producci贸n de biodi茅sel, combinado o no con hidrolizado de torta
de prensado de semillas oleaginosas, es una fuente de carbono adecuada
para muchas levaduras oleaginosas en la producci贸n de aceite.
Finalmente, se concluye que una optimizaci贸n de las condiciones de
cultivo (modo de cultivo, temperatura, etc.) para cada una de las
levaduras puede mejorar la acumulaci贸n de l铆pidos intracelulares
Optimization of the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Mg-Al Hydrotalcite Using Response Surface Methodology
Nowadays, biodiesel has become a very promising alternative to fossil diesel fuel, regarding
environmental concerns and fuel resource depletion. Biodiesel is usually produced through
homogeneous or heterogeneous transesterification of different fatty raw materials. Although main
research has been carried out with homogenous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts may be of interest
due to ease of recovery and recycling, as well as readiness for continuous processing. In this work,
calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite (HT) was used for the heterogeneous transesterification of waste cooking
oil. Three reaction parameters, namely, reaction time, amount of catalyst, and methanol-to-oil molar
ratio, were optimized by means of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) at constant temperature
(65 C), using a Box-Behnken design. Optimal fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content (86.23% w/w
FAME/sample) was predicted by the model with an R-squared value of 98.45%, using 3.39 g of HT
(8.5% w/w oil) and an 8:1 methanol-oil molar ratio, for a duration of 3.12 h. It was observed that
calcination of HT, while avoiding the previous washing step, allowed the presence of chemical species
that enhanced the effect of the catalyst. It can be concluded from this field trial that calcined and
nonwashed Mg-Al hydrotalcite may be considered an effective basic catalyst for the production of
biodiesel from waste cooking oil. Also, RSM proved to be a useful tool for predicting biodiesel yield
Influence of Short Carbon-Chain Alcohol (Ethanol and 1-Propanol)/Diesel Fuel Blends over Diesel Engine Emissions
Oxygenated fuels, in this case short carbon-chain alcohols, have been investigated as alternative fuels to power compression ignition engines. A major advantage of short-chain alcohols is that they can be produced from renewable resources, i.e., cultivated commodities or biomass-based biorefineries. However, before entering the market, the effects of short-chain alcohols on engine performance, exhaust emissions, noise and sound quality need to be understood. This work sheds light on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of the alcohol/diesel fuel blends (ethanol and 1-propanol) on engine performance, exhaust emissions and, for the first time, on noise and sound quality. It has been demonstrated that when the content of alcohol in blends increased, soot and soluble organic material emissions drastically decreased, mainly due to the increase of oxygen content in the fuel. Reduction in soot emissions combined with higher thermodynamic efficiency of alcohol fuels, with respect to diesel fuel, enable their utilization on compression ignition engines. There is also an improvement in the soot-NOx trade off, leading to large reductions on soot with a small effect on NOx emissions. The oxygen content within the fuel reduces CO and THC emissions at extra-urban driving operation conditions. However, hydrocarbons and CO emissions increased at urban driving conditions, due to the high heat of vaporization of the alcohol fuels which reduces cylinder temperature worsening fuel atomization, vaporization and mixing with air being more significant at lower cylinder temperature conditions (low engine loads and speeds). Similarly, the higher the presence of alcohol in the blend, the higher the noise emitted by the engine due to their low tendency to auto-ignition. The optimization of alcohol quantity and the calibration of engine control parameters (e.g., injection settings) which is out of the scope of this work, will be required to overcome noise emission penalty. Furthermore, under similar alcohol content in the blend (10% v/v), the use of propanol is preferred over ethanol, as it exhibits lower exhaust emissions and better sound quality than ethanol