Samfunn og samhandling under press

Society is changing. The unforeseen leaves its mark; crises, threats, surveillance, pandemics, war, ideological conflicts, technological development, management by objectives, economic inequity, and environmental and sustainability challenges are just a few examples of forces that put pressure on human values as well as learning, democracy, and views on education, which are also basic structures in educational practice and theory. The unforeseen forces driving change in society also create pressure on the values, leadership, educational solutions, and communication within institutions at every educational level, all related to interaction as a phenomenon – and, as a result, traditional criteria for good interaction as a basis for learning and education can be challenged. This pressure spreads further to the academic community, including educational practice and theory, but with what consequences? And in what ways does this unfold? Society and Interaction Under Pressure: Significance for Educational Practice and Theory explores these questions with 35 in-depth studies, conducted by 40 prominent researchers, at a total of 15 institutions in Norway, the UK, and the US

Electrodissolution of zinc in a low temperature molten salt and energy conversion applications.

The fairly recent development of molten salts with melting points below room temperature has spurred interest in these solutions as electrolytes for high energy density systems. However, relatively little is known about electrode kinetics and transport in low-temperature molten salts. This research project investigated the stoichiometry, transport, and kinetic properties of the zinc dissolution process in mixtures of aluminum chloride and 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride and application of this molten salt in energy conversion devices. Transport studies revealed the presence of two limiting current regions in the dissolution process which corresponded to a coordination number of four at low overpotentials and a coordination number of three at high overpotentials. A new mass transfer correlation for rotating cylinder electrodes was found for these high Schmidt number electrolytes. From this correlation, the quantity D$\\mu$/T was calculated to be 3.5 \imes 10$\\sp{-10}$ g cm/s$\\sp2$ K, which corresponds to a chloride ion radius of 2.1 \imes 10$\\sp{-8}$ cm. Kinetic studies revealed that the zinc dissolution rate law is third order with respect to the chloride ion and third order overall. The anodic Tafel slope was found to be 40 mV, and the reaction had an exchange current density of.13 mA/cm$\\sb2$, essentially independent of melt composition. An atomistic mechanism was proposed and shown to be consistent with the kinetics data. Energy conversion studies centered around aluminum and zinc negative electrodes coupled with chlorine and the metal chloride, FeCl$\\sb3$ and CuCl$\\sb2$. Experiments revealed that chlorine gas is quite soluble in these melts, leading to high self-discharge rates which are undesirable. Studies involving metal chlorides revealed the high solubility of these salts in basic melts, which would limit their applications to reserve applications. Experiments conducted with metal chlorides in acidic melt compositions showed the most promise. These cells were able to withst and high discharge rates at voltages greater than 1 volt. Additionally the reversible behavior of these cells will permit their use as secondary batteries. One major shortcoming of this system, the poor utilization of positive reactant, was overcome by the use of high surface area current collectors.Ph.D.Chemical engineeringUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/162248/1/8920616.pd

Determination of chloride ion diffusion coefficients for zinc dissolution in a low temperature molten salt

The transport properties and stoichiometry of the zinc dissolution process in mixtures of aluminum chloride and 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride were studied. A new mass transfer correlation for rotating cylinder electrodes was found for these high Schmidt number electrolytes. Two limiting current regions were observed during the dissolution process which corresponded to a coordination number of four at low overpotentials and a coordination number of three at high overpotentials. The quantity D[mu]/T was calculated to be 3.5 x 10-10, which corresponds to a chloride ion radius of 2.1 x 10-8 cm.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/28798/1/0000632.pd