Evaluation of elite cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) genotypes for yield, quality and resistance to Cardamom mosaic virus

Nine genotypes of cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) along with two commercial cultivars, Green Gold and Appangala 1were evaluated for their yield and selected horticultural traits. There were significant differences amongst different genotypeswith respect to yield and other traits. The genotype IC 349651 was found to be highest in yield (1048.2 kg ha-1) followed byIC 547167 (987.1 kg ha-1). The genotype IC 547167 (Appangala 2) was found to be moderately resistant to Cardamom mosaicvirus under artificial conditions and rich in α terpinyl acetate content which was comparable to Appangala 1. In 2014, thegenotype IC 547167 was recommended for high yield and resistance to Cardamom mosaic virus under field conditions andreleased as Appangala 2 for Karnataka and adjoining areas of Kerala. The variety, Appangala 2 (IC 547167) was developedthrough hybridization between Appangala 1 x NKE 19

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Not AvailableThe spices, cinnamon and turmeric have both culinary and pharmaceutical applications. Earlier studies proved their effect on reducing the symptoms associated with type 2 diabetes, a major lifestyle disease affecting millions world over. In our work, we prepared a bi-herbal extract of cinnamon and turmeric and studied its effect to alleviate the symptoms of type 2 diabetes in rat modelNot Availabl

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Not AvailableCurcuma longa L. has world-wide importance to cure a variety of ailments, as the plant contains curcumin and its derivatives demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin. Turmeric has been valued in both conventional as well as modern medicines and has wide applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, the study on curcumin constituents in turmeric was based only on total curcumin. In present investigation the total curcuminoids constitute of bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and curcumin (CUR) were analyzed in 15 genotypes representing major turmeric grown regions of India and evaluated in three different environments. An effort was taken to understand the curcuminoids content in turmeric genotypes and environmental influence on the constituents. The results revealed that the genotype, IISR Prathiba recorded the highest curcumin content and was on par with SLP 389/1, IISR Pragati, Duggirala Red, Rajendra Sonia, BSR 2, CO 2 and Punjab Haldi 1. Among curcuminoids, curcumin was recorded high in all genotypes except Acc. 849 and Narendra Haldi 98, where DMC was more than CUR. Stability model using AMMI revealed that IISR Prathiba and BSR 2 recorded stable BDMC content and SLP 389/1, Acc. 849 and CO 2 recorded stable DMC content across the environments. Stable genotypes for curcumin (CUR) were BSR 2, CO 2, IISR Prathiba and Duggirala Red. Identification of curcuminoids stable genotypes and favourable location for cultivation with respect to curcuminoids may help the farmers and industries to cultivate specified variety based on the need.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableEssential oils, water and ethanol extracts of black pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, Garcinia indica, G. gummi-gutta, tamarind and curry leaves were examined for their antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines by in vitro methods. Essential oils of ginger, turmeric, cinnamon and curry leaf were highly cytotoxic, reducing cell viability to 14 to 30% of untreated control; water and ethanol extracts of G. indica, turmeric, cinnamon, tamarind and curry leaf were also cytotoxic, though to a lesser extent (27% to none); ethanol extracts displayed approximately 50% higher cytotoxicity than water extracts. Antioxidant potential of water and ethanol extracts were similar, and decreased after six months of storage in most extracts; most were superior to BHA and BHT. Antioxidant potential of ethanol was also greater than water extracts. Change in essential oil chemoprofile stored at 4 deg C for a year compared to fresh, most notably t-caryophyllene, is also reported here.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe essential oil composition of Cinnamomum citriodorum leaves and petioles was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Leaf and petioles yielded 0.11% and 0.42% essential oil respectively. In leaf oil, twenty-seven constituents representing 97.2% of the oil were identified. Major components of the oil were citronellol (66.5–71.1%), citronellal (10.8–10.9%) and trans-geraniol (5.9–6.5%). In the oil from thepetiole, thirty-eight compounds contributing 91.3% of the oil were identified, of which citronellol (36.2–38.3%), citronellal (9.9–15.4%) and α-copaene (8.7–10.3%) were the chief constituents. Although both oils were dominated by monoterpene alcohols, the oil from the petiole contained a higher level of sesquiterpenes (26.3–36.2%) compared with the leaf oil (5.0–9.9%).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableStudies were undertaken on the nematicidal activity of Strychnos nuxvomica leaf extracts and its constituents on the second stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Aqueous leaf extracts at 2% concentration caused 100% mortality of second stage juveniles of the nematode. The biological activity of the known phytochemicals from S. nuxvomica, eval uated by in silico analysis through prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) software, indicated that seven phytochemi cals were expected to show nematicidal activity at various levels. In silico studies showed that the values of Pa (probability to be active) for brucine and strychnine were 0.986 and 0.785, respectively. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the leaf extract of S.nuxvomica indicated that the active fractions contained brucine and strychnine as major components. The nematicidal activity of brucine and strychnine was validated through in vitro bioassays and LD50 values were determined to be 665 ppm and 833 ppm, respectivelyNot Availabl

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Not AvailableTurmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is grown in several countries and is commonly used as medicine, condi-ment, dye and cosmetic. A systematic study on the effects of nutrient management systems on turmericyield & quality (curcumin content, oleoresin content, and oil content), nutrient uptake and relevant soilquality parameters is lacking. Hence, field experiments were conducted for three years from 2010 to13 involving three nutrient management regimes viz., organic nutrient management (ONM) involving application or organic manures (Farmyard manure + neem cake + vermicompost + ash + Azospirillum lipoferum + Pseudomonas fluorescens), conventional nutrient management (CNM) involving application of inorganic fertilizers (60–50–120 kg ha−1NPK applied as diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash,respectively) and integrated nutrient management (INM) involving a combination of inorganic fertilizers(50% N + full dose of P and K, i.e. 30–50–120 kg ha−1NPK) and organic manure (20.0 t ha−1FYM + Bacillus megaterium var. Phosphaticum).The mean data across the three years revealed that soil pH was greatest in the ONM treatment (5.80),mineral N level in the INM treatment (197.0 ± 109.0 mg kg−1) and exchangeable K level in both INM and CNM treatments (213.0 ± 81.0 and 209.0 ± 82.0 mg kg−1, respectively). Similarly, exchangeable Ca level was significantly higher in the ONM treatment (749 ± 122 mg kg−1) followed by the INM treatment(552 ± 128 mg kg−1), while the CNM treatment registered a 53.0–65.0% lower exchangeable Ca level.Conversely, large accumulation of Bray P was evident (80.0 ± 57.5 mg kg−1) in the CNM treatment and the mean level was greater by 36.9% compared to INM treatment and by 236.0% compared to ONM treatment. Application of organic manures enhanced soil organic C (SOC) levels and the greatest level was observed in the ONM treatment (mean 17.4 ± 0.24 g kg−1), followed by the INM treatment (mean16.6 ± 0.18 g kg−1) and lowest in the CNM treatment (mean 15.1 ± 0.17 g kg−1). Lower SOC level in the CNM treatment resulted in decreased soil microbial biomass C (CMIC), acid phosphatase, beta-glucosidase and dehydrogenase activities. The turmeric rhizome yield was consistently higher in the INM treatment(mean 22.5 ± 10.2 Mg ha−1) during the three years followed by CNM (mean 20.0 ± 10.4 Mg ha−1) and lastly by the ONM treatment (mean 17.8 ± 9.2 Mg ha−1). Similarly, most of the nutrient elements (N, P,K, Mg, Zn) registered significantly higher uptake in the INM treatment followed by CNM and then byONM. However, the quality of turmeric measured in terms of oleoresin, curcumin, volatile oil and its constituents like beta-phellandrene, pinene, AR Turmeron + alfa Turmeron and beta-Turmeron did not show any significant variations among the nutrient management systems. Principal component analysis indicated the degree of interdependence of various factors. Overall, the study indicated the distinct possibility of reducing chemical N fertilizer by 50% when applied in combination with organic manure for enhanced soil quality, rhizome yield and nutrient uptake in turmeric.Not Availabl