The Taman Siswa in Postwar Indonesia

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State Policy, Community Identity, and Management of Chinese Cemeteries in Colonial Malaya

This article discusses how Chinese cemeteries were managed within the broader social and political framework in colonial Malaya and Singapore. This is done through studying the discussions of the Singapore Municipal Council and by looking at a Hokkien cemetery in Penang and in Kuala Lumpur. The article touches on how the colonial state increasingly came to regulate Chinese cemeteries, suggesting that procedures of burials and cemeteries not only enabled the state to monitor health and mortality trends but also to involve itself further in the affairs of the Chinese community at a time of expanding colonial political and economic control. The article further discusses the extent to which cemeteries were a marker of identity of the Chinese community. It was a marker not only of the wider Chinese community but also of dialect divisionsL’article traite des modalités de la gestion des cimetières chinois à l’époque coloniale dans le cadre socio-politique de la Malaisie et de Singapour. Nous avons analysé les discussions du Conseil municipal de Singapour et étudié les sources concernant les cimetières Hokkien de Penang et de Kuala Lumpur. Ce faisant, nous avons insisté sur la manière dont les autorités furent amenées à intervenir toujours davantage dans la gestion des cimetières, non seulement pour contrôler les questions sanitaires et de mortalité, mais aussi pour s’ingérer toujours plus dans les affaires de la communauté chinoise à une époque où celles-ci renforçaient leur contrôle politique et économique. L’article envisage aussi la question de savoir dans quelle mesure les cimetières sont des marqueurs d’identité, non seulement à l’échelle de la communauté, mais aussi à celle des différents groupes dialectaux. Alors que ces divisions avaient commencé à s’effacer dans la plupart des activités sociales, elles sont restées au niveau de la gestion des sites funéraires

Milk Consumption Across Life Periods in Relation to Lower Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicentre Case-Control Study

Background: The much higher incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in men suggests sex hormones as a risk factor, and dairy products contain measurable amounts of steroid hormones. Milk consumption has greatly increased in endemic regions of NPC. We investigated the association between NPC and milk consumption across life periods in Hong Kong.Methods: A multicentre case-control study included 815 histologically confirmed NPC incident cases and 1,502 controls who were frequency-matched on age and sex at five major hospitals in Hong Kong in 2014–2017. Odds ratios (ORs) of NPC (cases vs. controls) for milk consumption at different life periods were estimated by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status score, smoking and alcohol drinking status, exposure to occupational hazards, family history of cancer, IgA against Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen, and total energy intake.Results: Compared with abstainers, lower risks of NPC were consistently observed in regular users (consuming ≥5 glasses of milk [fresh and powdered combined] per month) across four life periods of age 6–12 (adjusted OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–0.86), 13–18 (0.68, 0.55–0.84), 19–30 (0.68, 0.55–0.84), and 10 years before recruitment (0.72, 0.59–0.87). Long-term average milk consumption of ≤2.5, >2.5, and ≤12.5, >12.5 glasses per month yielded adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.00 (0.80–1.26), 0.98 (0.81–1.18), 0.95 (0.76–1.18), and 0.55 (0.43–0.70), respectively (all P-values for trend < 0.05).Conclusion: Consumption of milk across life periods was associated with lower risks of NPC. If confirmed to be causal, this has important implications for dairy product consumption and prevention of NPC

Aceh-Penang Maritime Trade and Chinese Mercantile Networks in the Nineteenth Century

Aceh, as the world’s largest producer of pepper in the nineteenth century and exporter of areca nut, had a long and sustained trade connection with Penang. Among its major imports through Penang were cloth, rice, opium and fire-arms. Trade with Penang led to the rise of a wealthy group of ulèëbalangs who were able to assert their autonomous status vis-à-vis the Acehnese sultan. Penang was where many Acehnese took refuge when conflict broke out between the sultanate and the Dutch in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Penang became Aceh’s main access to the outside world not only in trade but also in diplomacy as foreign intervention was sought in its conflict with the Dutch. In this dynamic Aceh-Penang connection, the Chinese were important. This article recaptures the inter-ethnic and transnational co-operation and competition in maritime trade that significantly and profoundly shaped the commercial and political landscapes of nineteenth-century Aceh and Penang.Le commerce maritime Aceh-Penang et les réseaux mercantiles chinois au XIXe siècle. En tant que premier producteur mondial de poivre au XIXe siècle et exportateur de noix d’arec, Aceh a eu des contacts commerciaux longs et soutenus avec Penang. Vêtements, riz, opium et armes à feu figurent parmi ses importations majeures de Penang. Le commerce avec Aceh entraîna la montée d’un groupe riche d’ulèëbalangs capables d’affirmer leur statut autonome vis-à-vis du sultan d’Aceh. C’est à Penang que de nombreux Acihais trouvèrent refuge lorsqu’éclata le conflit entre le sultanat et les Néerlandais à la fin du XIXe siècle. Penang devint l’accès principal d’Aceh vers le monde extérieur, non seulement sur le plan commercial mais aussi sur le plan diplomatique, du fait qu’Aceh sollicitait une intervention étrangère dans son conflit avec les Néerlandais. Les Chinois ont joué un rôle important dans cette relation dynamique entre Aceh et Penang. Cet article retrace la coopération et la compétition interethniques et transnationales dans ce commerce maritime qui va profondément influer sur les paysages commerciaux et politiques d’Aceh et de Penang au XIXe siècle.Wong Yee Tuan, Lee Kam Hing. Aceh-Penang Maritime Trade and Chinese Mercantile Networks in the Nineteenth Century. In: Archipel, volume 87, 2014. Regards croisés sur Aceh, sous la direction de Paul Wormser et Claude Guillot. pp. 173-202