Why are Americans Addicted to Baseball? An Empirical Analysis of Fandom in Korea and the U.S.

Theories of rational addiction posit that certain habit -forming goods "characterized by an increasing marginal utility of consumption "generate predictable dynamic patterns of consumer behavior. It has been suggested that attendance at sporting events represents an example of such a good, as evidenced by the pricing strategies of commercial sports interests. In this essay, we provide new evidence in support of rational addiction for the case of Major League Baseball, but fail to find such support in data from the Korean Professional Baseball League. We then review the scientific literature on sports fans from the perspective of human behavioral ecology and propose a theory of endogenous habit formation among sports fans that could explain our findings.Attendance Demand, Habit Formation, Baseball Addiction, Fan Psychology, Testosterone

Spectral properties of a limit-periodic Schr\"odinger operator in dimension two

We study Schr\"{o}dinger operator $H=-\Delta+V(x)$ in dimension two, $V(x)$ being a limit-periodic potential. We prove that the spectrum of $H$ contains a semiaxis and there is a family of generalized eigenfunctions at every point of this semiaxis with the following properties. First, the eigenfunctions are close to plane waves $e^{i\langle \vec k,\vec x\rangle }$ at the high energy region. Second, the isoenergetic curves in the space of momenta $\vec k$ corresponding to these eigenfunctions have a form of slightly distorted circles with holes (Cantor type structure). Third, the spectrum corresponding to the eigenfunctions (the semiaxis) is absolutely continuous.Comment: 89 pages, 6 figure

Parallel Opportunistic Routing in Wireless Networks

We study benefits of opportunistic routing in a large wireless ad hoc network by examining how the power, delay, and total throughput scale as the number of source- destination pairs increases up to the operating maximum. Our opportunistic routing is novel in a sense that it is massively parallel, i.e., it is performed by many nodes simultaneously to maximize the opportunistic gain while controlling the inter-user interference. The scaling behavior of conventional multi-hop transmission that does not employ opportunistic routing is also examined for comparison. Our results indicate that our opportunistic routing can exhibit a net improvement in overall power--delay trade-off over the conventional routing by providing up to a logarithmic boost in the scaling law. Such a gain is possible since the receivers can tolerate more interference due to the increased received signal power provided by the multi-user diversity gain, which means that having more simultaneous transmissions is possible.Comment: 18 pages, 7 figures, Under Review for Possible Publication in IEEE Transactions on Information Theor

Hawking temperature from scattering off the charged 2D black hole

The charged 2D black hole is visualized as presenting an potential barrier $V^{OUT}(r^*)$ to on-coming tachyon wave. Since this takes the complicated form, an approximate form $V^{APP}(r^*)$ is used for scattering analysis. We calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients for scattering of tachyon off the charged 2D black hole. The Hawking temperature is also derived from the reflection coefficient by Bogoliubov transformation. In the limit of $Q \to 0$, we recover the Hawking temperature of the 2D dilaton black hole.Comment: 12 pages 3 figures, RevTeX, to obtain figures contact author ([email protected]