The adaptive patched cubature filter and its implementation

There are numerous contexts where one wishes to describe the state of a randomly evolving system. Effective solutions combine models that quantify the underlying uncertainty with available observational data to form scientifically reasonable estimates for the uncertainty in the system state. Stochastic differential equations are often used to mathematically model the underlying system. The Kusuoka-Lyons-Victoir (KLV) approach is a higher order particle method for approximating the weak solution of a stochastic differential equation that uses a weighted set of scenarios to approximate the evolving probability distribution to a high order of accuracy. The algorithm can be performed by integrating along a number of carefully selected bounded variation paths. The iterated application of the KLV method has a tendency for the number of particles to increase. This can be addressed and, together with local dynamic recombination, which simplifies the support of discrete measure without harming the accuracy of the approximation, the KLV method becomes eligible to solve the filtering problem in contexts where one desires to maintain an accurate description of the ever-evolving conditioned measure. In addition to the alternate application of the KLV method and recombination, we make use of the smooth nature of the likelihood function and high order accuracy of the approximations to lead some of the particles immediately to the next observation time and to build into the algorithm a form of automatic high order adaptive importance sampling.Comment: to appear in Communications in Mathematical Sciences. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1311.675

Nutritive value for yearling beef steers of pastures of orchardgrass-clover, fescue and midland bermudagrass alone or with fescue or legumes

Midland bermudagrass pastures consisting of Midland bermudagrass or Midland in combination with either tall fescue or legumes were compared to each other and to orchardgrass-clover or tall fescue pastures. The cage-and-strip method was used to determine forage consumption from the beginning of May until the beginning of September during 1975, 1976 and 1977. Yearling beef steers acquired from fall feeder calf sales and weighing an average of approximately 213 kg were used in a put-and-take grazing system. Tester steers were weighed at about 21-day intervals to determine rate of gain. All forage samples were assayed for total N and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). Estimated total digestible nutrients (ETDN) was calculated from IVDDM. Three years of forage composition and intake data were reduced to polynomial equations describing the regression of ETDN and crude protein (CP) content and the intake of ETDN and CP, on elapsed days of grazing. The regression equations were used to generate predicted percentages of ETDN and CP and consumption of ETDN and CP at monthly intervals beginning on May 1 and extending to September 1. The available forage of all the pastures decreased in ETDN content during the month of May with Mid + N and Mid + legumes forage exhibiting this decline throughout the grazing season. The %ETDN in available Mid + fescue, fescue and OG + clover changed little from June until pasture grazing was terminated. Available Mid + legumes was the only pasture forage to increase in %CP from the beginning of the season, while all other pastures decreased in %CP. However, the decline of %CP in available Mid + N, Mid + fescue, fescue and OG + clover ended during early summer and began to increase. Only the pastures containing Midland forage decreased in CP content in late summer. Consumed Mid + N, Mid + legumes. Mid + fescue and OG + clover forage decreased in ETDN content during May, with Mid + N and Mid + legumes continuing this trend throughout the season. Consumed Mid + fescue and OG + clover increased in %ETDN from July 1 until the animals were taken off. Fescue varied little in the ETDN content of consumed forage. The %CP in consumed Mid + N and Mid + legumes decreased at about the same rate from May 1 to September 1. Consumed Mid + fescue, fescue and OG + clover increased in %CP throughout May. The CP content of consumed Mid + fescue and OG + clover were decreasing at season\u27s end, while consumed fescue forage increased in %CP for the entire season. Animals grazing Mid + fescue and Mid + legumes decreased their DM consumption/day for the entire season with Mid + legumes being consumed at a higher level in the beginning. Only in late spring and late August was Mid + N consumed at a greater level than either of the other two Midland treatments. Fescue DM consumption decreased steadily from May 1 to August 1, while OG + clover forage consumption increased from mid-May until late June preceded by a dramatic decrease. Steer ETDN consumption/day decreased continuously from the beginning for all treatments except OG + clover which increased slowly from mid-May to mid-June followed by a significant decrease through July. Fescue pastures allowed steers to consume levels of CP that were comparable to Mid + legumes without as rapid a decline, while steers on OG + clover increased CP consumption steadily until July when consumption levels decreased drastically. Intake above maintenance data followed the same trends as consumption data. Steer ETDN consumption per unit metabolic weight (gm/day) decreased throughout the season for all treatments. Steers grazing Mid + legumes, Mid + fescue and fescue decreased their CP intake per unit metabolic weight by 25.3, 5 and 11.2 gm/day, respectively, over the course of the grazing season. Mid+N and OG + clover provided more CP consumption in late spring (16.4 gm/day) and early summer (17.8 gm/day, respectively) than any other time. ETDN composition of available forage appeared to be more related to ADO than did CP composition. ADC did not appear to be related to the composition of consumed forage except for Mid + N pastures that demonstrated a rapid decline in both variables. ADG seemed to be most closely related to the consumption of ETDN and less related to CP and DM consumption

Homer Lee Terry Papers, 1955-1984

Finding aid for the Homer Lee Terry Papers, 1955-1984

Generalized Expectancy and Athletic Performance

Rotter\u27s (1966} locus of control concept has been used to validate the belief that athletics builds character. Internality is defined as the belief that reinforcement follows or is contingent upon one\u27s own behavior. Externality is the belief that reinforcement is controlled by forces outside oneself, and independent of one\u27s own actions. Previous authors have suggested that athletic participation fosters the development of an internal locus of control. Results have been inconclusive. The goal of this study was to investigate the range of scores on the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale among female professional golfers. It was hypothesized that locus of control would be predictive of level of performance. Level of performance was operationalized by a performance scale including each player\u27s average earnings per event and average strokes per round for the 1986 season through the month of July. Forty-eight members of the Ladies Professional Golf Association\u27s tournament division participated in the study. The mean age of participants was 28.32 years. The mean number of years on the professional tour was five. The mean average earnings per event was $1865.72, and the mean average score per round was 74.76. Locus of control was found to have a null relationship with golf performance. The importance of mental strategies and performance evidenced a slight, but nonsignificant relationship. No relationship was noted between the importance of mental strategies and locus of control. Explanations for a null relationship between golf performance and locus of control include the potential need for sport-specific measures of locus of control, and a perhaps, ill conceived relationship between high performance (or achievement) and internality. The relationship of locus of control and performance may more closely resemble the theological paradigm which suggests that a belief in a sovereign God requires a balance between internal and external control since one must balance God\u27s sovereignty with personal responsibility. It may be that a balanced locus of control is more indicative of a realistic mental perspective which recognizes the reality of personal responsibility versus unpredictable external factors in athletic performance