Effect of Chlorogenic Acid and Neochlorogenic Acid on Human Colon Cancer Cells

Prune consumption has been associated with a decreased risk of colon cancer; yet there has been confusion as to which chemical component(s) of the prune are responsible for its anticarcinogenic properties. Previous studies have evaluated chlorogenic acid as a chemotherapeutic agent; however, only a limited amount of studies have investigated neochlorogenic acid, the predominant phenolic compound found in the prune. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid have as anticarcinogenics on the human adenocarcinoma, Caco-2 cell line. The anti-colon cancer effects of chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid were analyzed by experiments that measured cell proliferation and morphology in culture of Caco-2 cells. Treatment of cells with chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid significantly reduced cell proliferation at concentrations of 150-500 µmol at 24, 48, and 72 hours by 63.7-96.0% and 69.7- 94.2%, respectively (P \u3c 0.05). At the majority of sample times and concentrations, chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid did not significantly differ in percent reduction of viable cells (P \u3c 0.05). The cell morphology of treated cells changed, as the surface of cells became more rough, uneven, and irregularly-shaped as the concentration of the treatment increased, compared to the untreated Caco-2 cell. These findings of significant cell proliferation inhibition suggest that both chlorogenic acid and neochlorogenic acid could be colon cancer suppressive components of the prune

Menhaden oil intake inhibits diethylnitrosamine initiated and fumonisinB1 promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in female Sprague Dawley rats

The effects of varying types of dietary fats during treatment with fumonisin B1 (FB1), a tumor promoting mycotoxin, were studied in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis model in rats. To investigate antitoxic and cholesterol-lowering effects and effects on rat liver-associated natural killer cell activity via production of prostaglandins, four groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats cancer-initiated with DEN (15mg/kg body weight) at 10 days of age were fed 50mg FB1/kg diets with 14% lard/6% corn oil, 14% menhaden oil/ 6% corn oil, 10% lard/10% corn oil, or 7% menhaden oil/ 13% corn oil for 5 weeks. The results showed that the plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity in rats fed 10% lard was significantly lower by 20% than that in the other three groups. There were no significantly differences among 14% lard, 14% menhaden oil, and 7% menhaden oil groups. Groups fed 14% lard and 10% lard had significantly greater total plasma cholesterol concentrations than did rats fed 14% menhaden oil or 7% menhaden oil. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)- and placental glutathione S- transferase (PGST)-positive altered hepatic foci (AHF) were significantly greater in rats fed lard/corn oil compared with those fed menhaden oil. Greater hepatic prostaglandin F2[Subscript Alpha] (PGF2[Subscript Alpha]) production was found by 60-80% in rats fed 14% lard compared with that in other groups. PGE2 was significantly lower in rats fed 14% menhaden oil than in rats fed 14% lard. The liver-associated natural killer (NK) cell activity in groups fed menhaden oil was significantly lower than that in the groups fed lard (P<0.03). No differences were observed between 14% menhaden oil group and 7% menhaden oil group in NK cell activity. There was no significant difference between the groups in the percentage of liver-associated mononuclear cells as NK cells and macrophages. Therefore, feeding menhaden oil inhibited the development of DEN-initiated and FB1-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis concurrently with inhibition of NK cell activity and suppressed levels of total plasma cholesterol presumably induced during FB1 tumor promotion. Neither decreased PGF2[Subscript Alpha] nor PGE2 is the mechanism underlying menhaden oil suppression of hepatocarcinogenesis. Effects of menhaden oil feeding to suppress NK activity during FB1-promoted hepatocarcinogenesis might serve as a biomarker of anticareinogenesis. Effects of menhaden oil on NK activity may help to clarify anticarcinogenic mechanisms of menhaden oil

Anti-Cancer and Bioavailabilty of Arachidin-1 and Arachidin-3 in Colon Cancer Cells

Cancer is a common cause of death in the United States and locally in the state of Arkansas. Modifiable factors such as tobacco use, physical activity, and diet lead to reduced incidence of colon cancer diagnosis. Plant-based foods may contain phytochemicals that confer health promoting properties. Specifically, peanuts contain phytochemicals known as resveratrol, arachidin-1, and arachidin-3 that have been linked to anticancer activities. However, few research studies have been done on arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 that could develop understanding of their health promoting properties or nutraceutical applications. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the most effective concentration of arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 for inhibiting cell proliferation and (2) assess the bioavailability of these compounds. Concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 µM arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 were applied and cell viability was measured at 0, 24, and 48 hours. Significant reduction of cell proliferation occurred with treatments of 10 and 20 µM arachidin-1 and 10 and 20 µM arachidin-3 in comparison with the control. Due to the limitations of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection, no transport values were determined when arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 were applied in 50 and 100 µM concentrations. The findings suggest that arachidin-1 and arachidin-3 inhibit cell proliferation in human colon cancer cells. Further research is needed to understand the bioavailability of arachidin-1 and arachidin-3

Quantification of the Group B Soyasaponins by High-PerformanceLiquid Chromatography

High-performance liquid chromatographic methods were developed for the isolation and quantitative determination of the group B soyasaponins, including 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran- 4-one (DDMP)-conjugated soyasaponins Rg, f3g, and f3a, and their non-DDMP counterparts, soyasaponins V, I, and II, respectively, with formononetin used as the internal standard. The limits of quantification for soy products were 0.11-4.86 µmol/g. The within-day and between-days assay coefficients of variation were \u3c9.8 and \u3c 14.3%, respectively. The group B soyasaponin concentrations in 46 soybean varieties ranged from 2.50 to 5.85 µmol/g. Soy ingredients (soybean flour, toasted soy hypocotyls, soy protein isolates, textured vegetable protein, soy protein concentrates, and Novasoy) and soy foods (commercial soy milk, tofu, and tempeh) contained the group B soyasaponins from 0.20 to 114.02 µmol/g. There was no apparent correlation between isoflavone and soyasaponin concentrations in the soy products examined

Cognitive and behavioral effects of lamotrigine and carbamazepine monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed or untreated partial epilepsy

AbstractPurposeIn this prospective study, we compared the long-term cognitive and behavioral effects of lamotrigine (LTG) and carbamazepine (CBZ) in patients with newly diagnosed or untreated partial epilepsy.MethodsThis was a multicenter, open-label, randomized study that compared monotherapy with LTG and CBZ in newly diagnosed or untreated patients with partial epilepsy. We employed an 8-week titration period and a 40-week maintenance period. Neuropsychological tests, Symptom Check List-90, and QOLIE-31 were assessed at baseline, 16 weeks, and 48 weeks after drug treatment. A group-by-time interaction was the primary outcome measure and was analyzed by use of the linear mixed model.ResultsA total of 110 patients were eligible and 73 completed the 48-week study (LTG, n=39; CBZ, n=34). Among the cognitive tests, significant group-by-time interaction was identified only in phonemic fluency of Controlled Oral Word Association Task (p=0.0032) and Stroop Color–Word Interference (p=0.0283), with a significant better performance for LTG group. All other neuropsychological tests included did not show significant group-by-time interactions. Among the subscales of Symptom Check List-90, significant group-by-time interactions were identified in Obsessive-Compulsive (p=0.0005), Paranoid Ideation (p=0.0454), Global Severity Index (p=0.0194), and Positive Symptom Total (p=0.0197), with a significant improvement for CBZ group. QOLIE-31 did not show significant group-by-time interactions.ConclusionOur data suggest that epilepsy patients on LTG have better performance on phonemic fluency and the task of Stroop Color–Word Interference than do patients on CBZ, whereas patients on CBZ had more favorable behavioral effects on two subscales and two global scores of Symptom Check List-90 than did patients on LTG

A Synergistic Anti-Diabetic Effect by Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 through Adipogenic and Insulin Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells

Although ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 have been identified as the significant ginsenosides found in red ginseng that confer anti-diabetic actions, it is unclear whether insulin-sensitizing effects are mediated by the individual compounds or by their combination. To determine the effect of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg3 on adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate the standard hormonal inducers in the absence or presence of ginsenosides Rb1 or Rg3. Additionally, we determined the effects of Rb1, Rg3, or their combination on the expression of genes related to adipocyte differentiation, adipogenic transcription factors, and the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 cells using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Rb1 significantly increased the expression of CEBP alpha, PPAR gamma, and aP2 mRNAs. However, Rg3 exerted its maximal stimulatory effect on these genes at 1 mu M concentration, while a high concentration (50 mu M) showed inhibitory effects. Similarly, treatment with Rb1 and Rg3 (1 mu M) increased the expression of IRS-1, Akt, PI3K, GLUT4, and adiponectin. Importantly, co-treatment of Rb1 and Rg3 (9:1) induced the maximal expression levels of these mRNAs. Our data indicate that the anti-diabetic activity of red ginseng is, in part, mediated by synergistic actions of Rb1 and Rg3, further supporting the significance of minor Rg3

Isoflavone Glycitein Diminished Plasma Cholesterol in Female Golden Syrian Hamsters

The soybean isoflavones, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, were hypothesized to act as cholesterol- lowering components, separate from soy protein. Pure synthetic daidzein, genistein, or glycitein (0.9 mmol/kg diet) or a casein-based control diet was fed to groups of 10 female Golden Syrian hamsters for 4 weeks. Hamsters fed glycitein had significantly lower plasma total (by 15%) and non-HDL (by 24%) cholesterol compared with those fed casein (P \u3c 0.05). Daidzein and genistein’s effects on these lipids did not differ from the effects of either casein or glycitein. Plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. The percentage of urinary recovery of the ingested dose of each isoflavone was glycitein \u3e daidzein \u3e genistein (33.2%, 4.6%, 2.2%, respectively), with the apparent absorption of glycitein significantly greater than that of the other isoflavones. These data suggest that glycitein’s greater cholesterol-lowering effect was due to its greater bioavailability, as reflected in its urinary recovery compared with that of the other isoflavones