Multicultural Education and Language Ideology in South Korea

The ideology of one nation, one race, and one language has been constructed and reinforced in the Korean mind over the course of its history. However, a recently growing number of migrants in South Korea have challenged this ideology, and the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development (MEHRD) announced the Educational Support Plan for Children from Multicultural Backgrounds (ESP) in 2006 to address the needs of multicultural children in schools. Under this initiative, the national curriculum was revised to raise the understanding of diverse cultures among all students, and textbooks were developed under direction from MEHRD. Taking a critical perspective toward language policy, the current study aims to offer a historical account of the emergence of monolingual ideology in South Korea and then to analyze how this ideology has shaped recent multicultural education policies

Speaking Korean In America: An Ethnographic Study Of A Community-Based Korean Heritage Language School

In the United States, often referred to as a nation of immigrants, language diversity has been ironically concealed from public arenas by the displacing ideology of English monolingualism. Minoritized languages have been acknowledged and respected, but they have not been actively promoted and included in mainstream schools. In this context, many immigrant communities have strived to maintain their languages and cultures through community-based heritage language programs. Previous literature has highlighted the challenges these programs face due to inevitable lack of support and resources, as well as the conflicts between immigrant youth and older generations. Through the lens of ethnography of language policy and planning (Hornberger & Johnson, 2007), this study explores the space of a community-based Korean heritage language school in Philadelphia, which I deem as the site of struggle but also the site of promise for immigrant youth. Guided by the notions of communicative repertoires and speech communities (Blommaert & Backus, 2011; Gumperz, 1964), this study explores what linguistic practices teachers and students display, promote, or negotiate in the school, and how these practices construct their own definitions of “speaking and being Korean.” First, I trace students’ talk about the named codes around them, and discuss how students’ metacommentary reflects their monoglossic imagination of bilingual speakers, and how such imagination might motivate them in learning ‘the Korean language’ yet at the same time discourage them in the process. Then, the study delves into the language ecology of Korean language classrooms in the school, where literacy-focused activities and curricula promote the production of written repertoires of Korean, while creating a gap between the imposed repertoires and students’ existing repertoires. Then, I compare the language policies of two Korean language classrooms and explore the potential of translanguaging pedagogy as a tool for co-learning for both the teacher and students. Community-based heritage language programs may continue to be positioned as marginalized educational spaces in the U.S. context. Nonetheless, this study foregrounds the varied yet converging imaginations of its local actors in constantly pursuing and embracing their ethnic and linguistic heritage and highlights the importance of bringing these voices forward

Occupational Therapy Handwriting Practice in South Korea

Background. Internationally, handwriting difficulty is a common issue among children. Occupational therapists are involved in helping children to improve their handwriting. Previous studies have summarised occupational therapy research and practice in handwriting, but these have not included information about occupational therapy practice for children’s handwriting in South Korea. To understand the nature of practice and identify the scope of evidence relating to South Korean occupational therapy for children with handwriting difficulties, a review of published literature on this topic is required. Methods. A scoping review was conducted to identify and summarize published literature on occupational therapy paediatric handwriting practice in South Korea. A detailed context of the review was provided in a background chapter (Chapter 1 “Introduction”). The introduction provided comprehensive information about the hand, handwriting, South Korea and the occupational therapy profession in South Korea to define terms and to help provide an understanding of occupational therapy practice conducted in Korea. Chapter 2 “A scoping review of occupational therapy handwriting literature” is presented in the form of a manuscript for submission to a peer-reviewed journal (Occupational Therapy International). This background, the gap in evidence and research design used is presented. This study used a scoping review methodological framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley (2005). This five-step framework was followed. First, the research question was identified; second, a search strategy was designed in Korean and English, and implemented in three databases which published or may have published Korean occupational therapy research. Third, after inspection a total of 22 articles were selected for inclusion from 151 sources. Fourth, a data-extraction form in Excel™ was created and this recorded the characteristics of each of these studies. At the last stage, a descriptive analysis of numerical data and thematic analysis were used to collate, summarise and synthesise the data from the 22 included papers. Results. Key findings of the scoping review demonstrate that hospitals and school-based settings were the most commonly studied service sites. Most studies were with Korean children with cerebral palsy. Standardized assessments were predominantly used, and these measured various performance components, rather than the “task” or “activity” of handwriting. Author-designed handwriting assessments which were reported to be based on previous studies were frequently used for measurement of handwriting quality. These did not ⅳ go through standardisation or validation processes. A sensory integration approach was the most popular approach to intervention, and the most targeted performance component of handwriting was fine-motor skills. Most study designs were of low research rigour in the evidence-based hierarchy. This study highlights that there is a diverse approach to assessments and intervention in Korean occupational therapy handwriting research, indicating that there is no consensus on the best handwriting approach in Korean occupational therapy literature. Conclusion. Most of the found evidence was focussed on clinical samples and used a sensory integrative approach. This is different to international occupational therapy research literature (which used standardised instruments) which focused mostly on typically developing children and used a wide number of conceptual approaches. Korean research was similar in the low level of research evidence generated. In the future, Korean occupational therapy handwriting research should use rigorous designs and should use assessments to accommodate the cultural and linguistic uniqueness of Korea. This will provide more opportunities to enhance the diversity of evidence on handwriting research

Triggering the catalytic activity of SrTiO3-based ceramics by flash sintering

Confinement of charge carriers in nanoscopic systems has revealed to be an effective strategy to confer ceramic materials unconventional conductive properties by exploiting particle size effects and interfaces characteristics[1]. Strontium titanate (SrTiO3) is a piezoelectric oxide that requires to be doped by acceptor species (e.g. Fe substitution of Ti centers) in order to acquire fair chemical reactivity[2]. Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

The effects of particulates on supersonic shear layers and afterburning in fuel-rich plumes

An investigation was conducted to experimentally quantify the interaction of particulates with the fuel-rich plume flowfield typical for solid propellant rocket motors. This was done in order to optimize enhanced mixing devices or chemical-additive addition for afterburning suppression. Laser sheet flow visualization, sound spectra measurements, plume thermal images and particle size distribution measurements were utilized with reacting and non- reacting gaseous plumes and with the plumes from highly aluminized propellant and minimum smoke propellant. Several devices were evaluated for their effectiveness in providing increased mixing in the supersonic shear layer. It was found that the generation of axial vortices in the supersonic shear layers at the nozzle exit of rocket motors operating with characteristically high exit Mach numbers and high temperatures can enhance the mixing rates and affect the afterburning. The presence of large quantities of particulates both in the shear layer and in the plume core appears to significantly change the results obtained using enhanced mixing devices. Initial results with a ramp nozzle indicate that enhanced large-scale mixing can be provided in the presence of high particulate loadings in the plume.http://archive.org/details/theeffectsofpart109457465U.S. Navy (U.S.N.) author

Development and Practical Use of RT-PCR for Seed-transmitted Prune dwarf virus in Quarantine

Among imported plants, seeds are the items that have many latent pathogens and are difficult to inspect. Also, they are the import and export items whose market is expected to expand. The biggest problem with seeds is viruses. Prune dwarf virus (PDV) is the virus that is commonly inspected in Prunus cerasifera, P. persica, P. armeniaca, P. mandshurica, P. cerasus, P. avium or P. serotina seeds. In this study, two RT-PCR primer sets, which can promptly and specifically diagnose plant quarantine seed-transmitted PDV, were developed; and nested PCR primers, where products amplify 739 and 673 nucleotides (nt), and an nested PCR-product, 305 nt, can be obtained as these products are amplified again, were developed. Also, a modified-positive control plasmid was developed, where the restriction enzyme XhoI, which can identify the contamination of samples from the control, was inserted. The method developed in this study has detected PDV in 18 cases since 2007, and is expected to continuously contribute to the plant quarantine in Korea

Investigation of Breakaway Time Delay Phenomenon in Isothermal Test with Zircaloy-4 under Oxygen Atmosphere at 1000 °C

Zircaloy-4 isothermal oxidation tests were conducted at 1000 °C under an oxygen atmosphere with flow rates varying from 20 to 200 mL/min. In this research, a breakaway time delay phenomenon was discovered. The temperature of the atmosphere near the cladding was measured in order to estimate the oxidation rate and identify the condition of the phenomenon. A sharp escalation in the cladding temperature was observed in the early stage of oxidation as the flow rate increased. In addition, macroscopic and microscopic observations were performed to identify the effects of initial temperature escalation. The results showed that the thickness of the dense columnar oxide increased in the oxide scale when the initial peak temperature exceeded 1050 °C. Based on these observations, it can be assumed that temperature escalation in the early stage can influence the thickness of dense oxides, and this in turn affects the oxidation behaviors, especially the breakaway time

Experimental Studies of Thermal Hydraulics of Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride

Molten salt reactor (MSR) is considered a promising 4th generation nuclear power plant because of its safety and suitability for SMR (small modular reactor). Also, molten salts are used in concentrating solar power (CSP) and energy storage system (ESS) as a heat storage medium. So molten salt has recently been researched a lot as heat storage and a transfer medium. However, molten salts’ high operating temperature (>450°C) and high Prandtl number make it hard to perform a thermal-hydraulic experiment in the laboratory. Thus, high Prandtl number and high viscosity fluid, deep eutectic solvents (DES), is chosen as a simulant of molten salts in this study. Thermal-hydraulic experiment using glyceline, which is easy to synthesize and transparent to visualize flow with high viscosity among various DESs, was performed. Also, the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient required for energy system designs were measured. As a result, it was found that glyceline is a Newtonian fluid, and the transition region from laminar to turbulent flow has a lower Reynolds number than water has. In addition, the heat transfer coefficient properties of glyceline were somewhat consistent with the existing correlations. To summarize, glyceline’s friction factor and heat transfer coefficient are predictable in existing theories, but the transition regions for those are different because flow development behavior between hydraulic and thermal boundary layers is different. Therefore, it is estimated that thermal-hydraulic experiments are essential when using high Pr numbers and high viscosity fluids such as DESs and molten salts as heat storage and transfer mediums

Phylogeny of Flavobacteria Group Isolated from Freshwater Using Multilocus Sequencing Analysis

Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene has been widely used for the classification of microorganisms. However, we have been unable to clearly identify five Flavobacterium species isolated from a freshwater by using the gene as a single marker, because the evolutionary history is incomplete and the pace of DNA substitutions is relatively rapid in the bacteria. In this study, we tried to classify Flavobacterium species through multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), which is a practical and reliable technique for the identification or classification of bacteria. The five Flavobacterium species isolated from freshwater and 37 other strains were classified based on six housekeeping genes: gyrB, dnaK, tuf, murG, atpA, and glyA. The genes were amplified by PCR and subjected to DNA sequencing. Based on the combined DNA sequence (4,412 bp) of the six housekeeping genes, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationship among the Flavobacterium species. The results indicated that MLSA, based on the six housekeeping genes, is a trustworthy method for the identification of closely related Flavobacterium species

Development of RT-PCR and Nested PCR for Detecting Four Quarantine Plant Viruses Belonging to Nepovirus

For quarantine purpose, we developed the RT- and nested PCR module of Tomato black ring virus (TBRV), Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV), Cherry leafroll virus (CLRV) and Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV). The PCR modules, developed in this study make diagnosis more convenient and speedy because of same PCR condition. And also, the methods are more accurate because it can check whether the result is contamination or not using the mutation-positive control. We discard or return the 27 cases of Nepovirus infection seed by employing the module past 3 years. This study provides a rapid and useful method for detection of four quarantine plant viruses