Adoption de l'alimentation méditerranéenne basée sur la théorie de l'autodétermination : différences entre les hommes et les femmes

Tableau d’honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales, 2015-2016L’alimentation méditerranéenne est reconnue comme un modèle de saine alimentation et ses bienfaits sur la santé cardiovasculaire sont bien documentés. Puisque des différences entre les hommes et les femmes ont été rapportées quant aux habitudes alimentaires et à la modification de celles-ci en réponse à des interventions, on peut se questionner à savoir si les hommes et les femmes peuvent retirer les mêmes bénéfices en adoptant cette alimentation. D’autre part, la motivation constitue un facteur déterminant dans les changements alimentaires et des évidences suggèrent que la motivation autodéterminée est associée à l’adoption et au maintien de comportements alimentaires sains. Peu d’études ont cependant évalué l’importance de la qualité de la motivation impliquée dans les changements alimentaires, et aucune ne semble avoir considéré les différences potentielles entre les hommes et les femmes. L’étude présentée dans cette thèse visait à déterminer l’influence du genre dans l’adoption d’une alimentation de type méditerranéen en réponse à un programme d’éducation en nutrition basé sur une approche motivationnelle auprès d’individus présentant certains facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. Afin de rencontrer cet objectif, 64 hommes et 59 femmes préménopausées ont participé à un programme d’éducation en nutrition de 12 semaines basé sur l’approche de l’entretien motivationnel. L’intervention nutritionnelle visait à promouvoir la motivation autodéterminée, plus particulièrement en soutenant la satisfaction des besoins d’autonomie, de compétence et du sentiment d’attachement des individus dans la détermination d’objectifs alimentaires et de stratégies favorables à adopter. L’intervention comportait trois rencontres de groupe, trois rencontres individuelles et quatre suivis téléphoniques avec une nutritionniste. Une amélioration similaire de l’adhésion à l’alimentation méditerranéenne a été observée chez les hommes et les femmes en réponse à l’intervention, mais avec des changements plus prononcés de certaines composantes alimentaires chez les hommes. Une augmentation de la motivation autodéterminée était associée à une amélioration de l’adhésion à l’alimentation méditerranéenne chez les hommes seulement. Des changements métaboliques plus prononcés ont été observés chez les hommes. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent que le programme d’éducation en nutrition basé sur une approche motivationnelle a contribué à l’amélioration des apports alimentaires et à la diminution de facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire, plus particulièrement chez les hommes.The Mediterranean diet is now recognized as one of the best models of food patterns and its cardioprotective effects are well established in the literature. As evidence suggests differences between men and women in eating habits and in dietary changes in response to interventions, it can be questioned whether men and women could get the same health benefits from the adoption of the Mediterranean diet. It has also been suggested that motivation is an important factor in the context of dietary changes and some studies indicate that self-determined motivation toward eating is associated with the adoption of healthy dietary behaviors and long-term adherence to those changes. However, few studies assessed the importance of quality in motivational factors related to dietary changes, and to our knowledge, none has considered potential differences between men and women. This study aimed at assessing the impact of gender in the adoption of a Mediterranean diet in response to a nutritional education program based on a motivational approach, in men and women presenting risk factors for cardiovascular disease. To meet this objective, 64 men and 59 premenopausal women were recruited into our 12-week nutritional education program based on the motivational interviewing approach. The nutritional intervention aimed at promoting self-determined motivation, more precisely in a context that fosters satisfaction of basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness in the determination of dietary changes and potential strategies. The nutritional intervention included three group sessions, three individual sessions and four follow-up telephone calls with a registered dietitian. Both men and women increased their adherence to the Mediterranean diet in response to the nutritional intervention, although men showed more pronounced changes in some specific food groups. A positive association between increases in self-determined motivation and increases in the adherence to the Mediterranean diet was observed in men only. Men also showed more pronounced changes in metabolic variables. In conclusion, our results indicate that the nutritional intervention program based on a motivational approach led to improvement in dietary intakes and to decreases in cardiovascular risk factors, more particularly in men

Gender differences in dietary intakes : what is the contribution of motivational variables ?

Background : Differences between men and women with respect to dietary intakes and eating behaviours have been reported and could be explained by gender differences in motivational variables associated with the regulation of food intake. The main objectives of the present study were to identify gender differences in dietary intakes, eating behaviours and motivational variables and to determine how motivational variables were associated with dietary intakes and eating behaviours in men and women. Methods : Sixty-four men and 59 premenopausal women were included in the present study and presented cardiovascular risk factors. The Regulation of Eating Behaviours scale was completed to assess motivational variables. A validated food frequency questionnaire was administered to evaluate dietary intakes and subjects completed the Three-Factor Eating questionnaire to assess eating behaviours. Results : Men had higher energy intake, energy density and percentage of energy from lipids and lower percentage of energy from carbohydrates than women (P = 0.04). Men also had a lower emotional susceptibility to disinhibition than women (P = 0.0001). Women reported a higher score for eating-related self-determined motivation [i.e. eating-related self-determination index (SDI)] than men (P = 0.002). The most notable gender difference in the pattern of associations was that eating-related SDI was negatively associated with energy density (r = -0.30; P = 0.02), only in women. Conclusions : Women had a better dietary profile and higher eating-related SDI than men. However, gender differences in dietary variables might be explained by a potential gender-specific pattern of association of eating-related SDI with dietary intakes and eating behaviours

Impact of a health-at-every-size intervention on changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women : results of a randomized trial

Background & aims : Previous studies have shown improvements in eating behaviors following a Health-At-Every-Size approach (HAES). However, to our knowledge, no study has yet investigated how a HAES intervention could influence dietary intakes and eating patterns in overweight women. Therefore, objectives of this study were to determine changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women in response to a HAES intervention compared to a social support intervention and a control group, and then to determine whether changes in eating behaviors were associated with changes in dietary intakes and eating patterns in response to the HAES intervention

Associations between eating patterns, dietary intakes and eating behaviors in premenopausal overweight women

The regulation of energy intake is complex and many biological, psychosocial and environmental influences have been identified. To our knowledge, no study has yet investigated how eating patterns could mediate associations between eating behaviors and self-reported energy intake in premenopausal overweight women. Therefore, objectives of this study were to examine associations between eating behaviors and eating patterns in premenopausal overweight women and to test if eating patterns could mediate the associations between eating behaviors and self-reported energy intake. Women completed a 3-day food record and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess eating behaviors (dietary restraint, disinhibition, hunger). In the total sample of women, flexible restraint was negatively (r = - 0.18; p = 0.03) and binge eating severity was positively (r = 0.24; p = 0.004) associated with self-reported energy intake. Moreover, flexible restraint was positively associated with the proportion of energy intake at breakfast (r = 0.24; p = 0.004), whereas disinhibition and binge eating severity were positively associated with the proportion of energy intake from snacks consumed after 5:00 pm (r = 0.22, p = 0.007 and r = 0.22, p = 0.01, respectively). In addition, mediational analyses showed that proportion of energy intake from snacks consumed after 5:00 pm explained 24.1% of the association between binge eating severity and self-reported energy intake. In conclusion, these results suggest that eating patterns are important factors to consider in order to explain the associations between eating behaviors and self-reported energy intake

Gender differences in the long-term effects of a nutritional intervention program promoting the Mediterranean diet : changes in dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables

Long-term adherence to principles of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) following a nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean food pattern in Canadian men and women is not known. Moreover, gender differences in dietary and metabolic profile in such an intervention context has never been addressed. Objective was to determine gender differences in long-term effects of a 12-week nutritional intervention program promoting the adoption of the MedDiet and based on the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) on dietary intakes, eating behaviors, anthropometric and metabolic variables, in men and women presenting cardiovascular risk factors. Methods Sixty-four men and 59 premenopausal women were recruited. The 12-week nutritional program used a motivational interviewing approach and included individual and group sessions. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to evaluate dietary intakes from which a Mediterranean score (Medscore) was derived and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire allowed assessment of eating behaviors. Measurements were performed at baseline and after the 12-week nutritional intervention, and then at 3 and 6-month post intervention. Results No gender difference was observed in changes in the Medscore during the nutritional intervention and follow-up. However, the Medscore returned towards baseline values during follow-up in men and women (P <0.0001). Men reported larger decreases in red and processed meat and larger increases in whole fruit intakes than women (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively). Men showed a greater decrease in habitual susceptibility to disinhibition than women (P = 0.03). A gender by time interaction was found for waist circumference, i.e. men had lower waist circumference at the end of the intervention as well as at follow-up than at baseline while women’s waist circumference decreased in response to the intervention only (P = 0.05). As for metabolic variables, changes observed in total-cholesterol (C) to HDL-C ratio, triglyceride levels and triglycerides to HDL-C ratio were more pronounced in men than in women after the intervention as well as at follow-up (P =0.03). Conclusions Our results indicate that the 12-week nutritional intervention based on the SDT leads to more pronounced beneficial changes in long-term dietary intakes in men than in women and to greater improvements in metabolic profile in men

Differences between men and women in dietary intakes and metabolic profile in response to a 12-week nutritional intervention promoting the Mediterranean diet

Few studies have compared men and women in response to nutritional interventions but none has assessed differences between men and women in the response to a nutritional intervention programme based on the self-determination theory (SDT) and using the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) as a model of healthy eating, in a context of CVD prevention and within a non-Mediterranean population. The present study aimed to document differences between men and women in changes in dietary, anthropometric and metabolic variables, in response to a nutritional intervention programme promoting the adoption of the MedDiet and based on the SDT. A total of sixty-four men and fifty-nine premenopausal women presenting risk factors for CVD were recruited through different media advertisements in the Québec City Metropolitan area (Canada). The 12-week nutritional programme used a motivational interviewing approach and included individual and group sessions. A validated FFQ was administered to evaluate dietary intakes from which a Mediterranean score (Medscore) was derived. Both men and women significantly increased their Medscore in response to the intervention (P < 0·0001). Men showed a significantly greater decrease in red and processed meat (-0·4 (95 % CI -0·7, -0·1) portions per d) and a greater increase in fruit (0·9 (95 % CI 0·2, 1·6) portions per d) intakes than women. Significant decreases were observed for BMI and waist circumference in both men and women (P = 0·04). Significant greater decreases were found for total cholesterol (total-C):HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (-0·2; 95 % CI -0·4, -0·03) and TAG:HDL-C (-0·2; 95 % CI -0·4, -0·04) ratios in men than in women. When adjusting for the baseline value of the response variable, differences between men and women became non-significant for red and processed meat and fruit intakes whereas significant differences between men and women (i.e. larger increases in men than women) were observed for legumes, nuts and seeds (0·6 (95 % CI 0·2, 1·0) portions per d) and whole-grain products (0·5 (95 % CI 0·01, 1·0) portions per d) intakes. For metabolic variables, differences between men and women became non-significant for total-C:HDL-C and TAG:HDL-C ratios when adjusted for the baseline value of the response variable. The present results suggest that the nutritional intervention promoting the adoption of the Mediterranean diet and based on the SDT led to greater improvements in dietary intakes in men than in women, which appear to have contributed to beneficial anthropometric and metabolic changes, more particularly in men. However, the more deteriorated metabolic profile found in men at baseline seems to contribute to a large extent to the more beneficial changes in CVD risk factors observed in men as compared with wome

Effects of a nutritional intervention program based on the self-determination theory and promoting the Mediterranean diet

Our objective was to determine gender differences in the impact of a nutritional intervention based on the selfdetermination theory and promoting the Mediterranean diet on changes in eating-related self-determined motivation and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Changes in eating-related self-determined motivation were larger in men than in women in response to the intervention and at follow-up, but the magnitude of change decreased with time in both genders. Changes in eating-related self-determined motivation were positively associated with changes in the Mediterranean diet adherence in response to the intervention and at follow-up in men only, suggesting that the nutritional program seems to fit better men than women

Treating delusional disorder : a comparison of cognitive-behavioural therapy and attention placebo control

Objective: Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has proved effective in treating delusions, both in schizophrenia and delusional disorder (DD). Clinical trials of DD have mostly compared CBT with either treatment as usual, no treatment, or a wait-list control. This current study aimed to assess patients with DD who received CBT, compared with an attention placebo control (APC) group. Method: Twenty-four individuals with DD were randomly allocated into either CBT or APC groups for a 24-week treatment period. Patients were diagnosed on the basis of structured clinical interviews for mental disorders and the Maudsley Assessment of Delusion Schedule (MADS). Results: Completers in both groups (n = 11 for CBT; n = 6 for APC) showed clinical improvement on the MADS dimensions of Strength of Conviction, Insight, Preoccupation, Systematization, Affect Relating to Belief, Belief Maintenance Factors, and Idiosyncrasy of Belief. Conclusion: When compared with APC, CBT produced more impact on the MADS dimensions for Affect Relating to Belief, Strength of Conviction, and Positive Actions on Beliefs

Natural history and determinants of dysglycemia in Canadian children with parental obesity from ages 8–10 to 15–17 years : the QUALITY cohort

In children, the mechanisms implicated in deterioration of glucose homeostasis versus reversion to normal glucose tolerance (NGT) remain uncertain. We aimed to describe the natural history of dysglycemia from childhood to late adolescence and to identify its early determinants. We used baseline (8–10 years, n = 630), 1st follow-up (10–12 years, n = 564) and 2nd follow-up (15–17 years, n = 377) data from the QUALITY cohort of White Canadian children with parental obesity. Children underwent a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test at each cycle with plasma glucose and insulin measured at 0/30/60/90/120 min. American Diabetes Association criteria defined dysglycemia (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes). Longitudinal patterns of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function were estimated using generalized additive mixed models. Model averaging identified biological, sociodemographic and lifestyle-related determinants of dysglycemia. Of the children NGT at baseline, 66 (21%) developed dysglycemia without reverting to NGT. Among children with dysglycemia at baseline, 24 (73%) reverted to NGT. In children with dysglycemia at 1st follow-up, 18 (53%) later reverted to NGT. Among biological, sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants at 8–10 years, only fasting and 2-h glucose were associated with developing dysglycemia (odds ratio [95% CI] per 1 mmol/L increase: 4.50 [1.06; 19.02] and 1.74 [1.11; 2.73], respectively). Beta-cell function decreased by 40% in children with overweight or obesity. In conclusion, up to 75% of children with dysglycemia reverted to NGT during puberty. Children with higher fasting and 2-h glucose were at higher risk for progression to dysglycemia, while no demographic/lifestyle determinants were identified