A slab model for computing ground temperature in climate models

A method is developed for computing the ground temperature accurately over both the diurnal and annual cycles. The ground is divided vertically into only two or three slabs, resulting in very efficient computation. Seasonal storage and release of heat is incorporated, and thus the method is well suited for use in climate models

The spillover effect of macroeconomic news on bond yields - Evidence from Scandinavian government bond markets and European corporate bond index

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: The main purpose of the study is to investigate the market responses of daily yields of Scandinavian (Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark) government bonds and a major European corporate bond index to broad set of major macroeconomic news of U.S. and selected European countries. The study also investigates if U.S. macroeconomic news has more significant impact on the yields than equivalent European countries' news and which news have the most effect on the bond yields. Additional purpose of the study is to study the effect of the level and slope (term structure of interest rates) of German benchmark government bond yields on the government bond and corporate bond index yields during the macroeconomic news announcement days. DATA AND METHODOLOGY: The macroeconomic news data in this study consists of 23 different major macroeconomic news from U.S, German, French and UK economy. The study investigates both the effect of macroeconomic news announcements and the surprise of the announcements on bond yields. Therefore, I employ the actual news release data and the corresponding market expectations data in the study. The bond yield data in this study is comprised of daily yields spanning from 1997 to 2011. The market responses of daily yields are investigated by daily yield and spread changes over benchmark German government bond yields. In order to investigate the effects of macroeconomic news and benchmark term structure of interest rates on bond yields, several regressions are run for the different macroeconomic news and term structure of interest rates variables during the news announcement dates. RESULTS: The results indicate that 21 out of the 23 macroeconomic news used in this study have statistically significant effect on at least one of the daily yields investigated in this study. The effects vary significantly across different news and markets. The results reveal that U.S. macroeconomic news have in general more significant impact on the yields in this study than equivalent European countries' news when investigating news' surprise spillover effect on yield changes . The results also reveal that Finland and Sweden government bond markets are the most responsive to the foreign macroeconomic news spillover effect. In addition, strong evidence is found that there is a negative (positive) relation between the German government term structure of interest rates and the investigated bond spreads (yields) during the macroeconomic news announcement days

The Russian movie “Sadko” and bylinas about Sadko (2)

Havelange Isabelle, Huguet Françoise, Lebedeff-Choppin Bernadette. NISARD Jean Marie Napoléon Désiré. In: , . Les inspecteurs généraux de l'Instruction publique. Dictionnaire biographique 1802-1914. Paris : Institut national de recherche pédagogique, 1986. pp. 524-525. (Histoire biographique de l'enseignement, 11

Família e surdez: algumas considerações sobre o impacto do diagnóstico e a necessidade de orientação

O artigo versa sobre o impacto do diagnóstico da surdez na família, levando em consideração as conseqüências deste diagnóstico no comportamento parental e nas relações dos pais com os outros membros da família. Mostra a necessidade da intervenção precoce no seio familiar e aponta alternativas de apoio e orientação para as famílias

Análise das estratégias e recursos "surdos" utilizados por uma professora surda para o Ensino de Língua escrita

Brazil is undeniably behind in terms of education for deaf children and adults. There is a need for a change in pedagogical practices. Studies indicate that the strategies used by deaf teachers in teaching writtén language can he different than thase af hearing teachers. These findings suggest that differences in cognitive processing for understanding reading and writing can influence pedagogical practices. The purpose of this study is toanalyze theuse af "deaf" strategies by a deaf teacher and describe them. The methodology of the investigation included observation and recording of the fragments ofclasses to be analyzed. The "deaf" strategies found werc transcribed and compared with those described in the literature. It was found that many of the strategies observed were similar to those described in the literaturc. This suggests that many of the stratcgies used by deaf teachers could be "taught" to hearing teachers, in order to assist hearing tcachers in their praxis with deaf students.En Brasil es incontestable el atraso de la escolaridad de niños y niñas sordas. Hay una necesidad de un cambio en la práctica pedagógica. Investigaciones apuntan que las estrategias utilizadas por las profesoras sordas, en la enseñanza del lenguaje escrito, pude ser diferente a la de las profesoras oyentes. Esas constataciones sugieren que la diferencia del procesamiento cognitivo para la comprensión de la lectura y de la escritura podría influenciar la praxis pedagógica. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar la utilización de las estrategias "sordas'" por una profesora sorda y describirlas. La metodología de investigación utilizó observación y grabación de fragmentos de clases para su análisis. Las estrategias "sordas" encontradas fueron transcriptas y comparadas con las ya descriptas en·la literatura. Se sugiere que las estrategias utilizadas por los profcsores sordos sean "ensenadas" para los profesores oyentes, con el fin de auxiliarIos en su práctica pedagógica con alumnos y alumnas sordos.No Brasil é incontestável o atraso da escolaridade de crianças e adultos surdos. Há a necessidade de uma mudança de prática pedagógica. Pesquisas apontam que estratégias utilizadas por professoras surdas, no ensino de língua escrita, podem ser diferentes das de professoras ouvintes. Esses achados sugerem que a diferença do processamento cognitivo para compreensão de leitura e escrita poderia influenciar·a práxis pedagógica. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência da utilização de estratégias "surdas", por uma professora surda, e descrevê-los. A metodologia de investigação constou de observação e gravação de fragmentos de aulas para análise. As estratégias "surdas" encontradas foram transcritas e comparadas com as já descritas na literatura. Percebeu-se que muitas das estratégias observadas eram similares às descritas na literatura. Sugere-se que as estratégias utilizadas por professores surdos sejam "ensinadas" para as professoras ouvintes a fim auxiliar professores ouvintes na sua práxis com alunos surdos

Ueber die Gascysten der Scheide

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