Narrativas territoriales de la comunidad aymara de Chapiquiña en los altos de Arica

This article describes the process in which an Aymara community signify their territory in a context of ethnic and territorial claim. It proposes the importance of the territory in the Andes from the pre-Hispanic and colonial period to understand that the Aymara territory is a social and historical construction where memory has played a fundamental role. The analytical categories used were historical, economic and ritual territorial narrative which allow us to propose that the Aymara territory is deterritorialized and reterritorialized through 'the ways of memory' both in urban and rural space.Este artículo expone el proceso en el cual una comunidad aymara significa su territorio en un contexto de reivindicación étnica y territorial. Se propone la importancia del territorio en los Andes desde el periodo prehispánico y el colonial para comprender que el territorio aymara es una construcción social e histórica donde la memoria ha jugado un rol fundamental. Se analizan las ‘narrativas territoriales’ históricas, económicas y rituales, para plantear que el territorio aymara se desterritorializa y reterritorializa mediante ‘los caminos de la memoria’ tanto en el espacio urbano y rural

Neuronal cell-based high-throughput screen for enhancers of mitochondrial function reveals luteolin as a modulator of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum coupling

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of aging, neurodegeneration, and metabolic diseases. Hence, mitotherapeutics may be valuable disease modifiers for a large number of conditions. In this study, we have set up a large-scale screening platform for mitochondrial-based modulators with promising therapeutic potential. Results: Using differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, we screened 1200 FDA-approved compounds and identified 61 molecules that significantly increased cellular ATP without any cytotoxic effect. Following dose response curve-dependent selection, we identified the flavonoid luteolin as a primary hit. Further validation in neuronal models indicated that luteolin increased mitochondrial respiration in primary neurons, despite not affecting mitochondrial mass, structure, or mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species. However, we found that luteolin increased contacts between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), contributing to increased mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. This signaling pathway likely contributed to the observed effect of luteolin on enhanced mitochondrial complexes I and II activities. Importantly, we observed that increased mitochondrial functions were dependent on the activity of ER Ca2+-releasing channels inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) both in neurons and in isolated synaptosomes. Additionally, luteolin treatment improved mitochondrial and locomotory activities in primary neurons and Caenorhabditis elegans expressing an expanded polyglutamine tract of the huntingtin protein. Conclusion: We provide a new screening platform for drug discovery validated in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, we describe a novel mechanism through which luteolin modulates mitochondrial activity in neuronal models with potential therapeutic validity for treatment of a variety of human diseases

Narrativas territoriales de la comunidad aymara de Chapiquiña en los altos de Arica

This article describes the process in which an Aymara community signify their territory in a context of ethnic and territorial claim. It proposes the importance of the territory in the Andes from the pre-Hispanic and colonial period to understand that the Aymara territory is a social and historical construction where memory has played a fundamental role. The analytical categories used were historical, economic and ritual territorial narrative which allow us to propose that the Aymara territory is deterritorialized and reterritorialized through 'the ways of memory' both in urban and rural space.Este artículo expone el proceso en el cual una comunidad aymara significa su territorio en un contexto de reivindicación étnica y territorial. Se propone la importancia del territorio en los Andes desde el periodo prehispánico y el colonial para comprender que el territorio aymara es una construcción social e histórica donde la memoria ha jugado un rol fundamental. Se analizan las ‘narrativas territoriales’ históricas, económicas y rituales, para plantear que el territorio aymara se desterritorializa y reterritorializa mediante ‘los caminos de la memoria’ tanto en el espacio urbano y rural

Cartografía social de Chapiquiña: reivindicando los derechos territoriales indígenas en los Altos de Arica, Chile

This study attempts to demonstrate how methods of social cartography can serve as a political tool for the re-vindication of indigenous rights. This study employed methods of social cartography to map indigenous territorial knowledge in the indigenous community of Chapiquiña in northern Chile as a process of re-appropriation of ancestral territory. Methods of social cartography serve to make visible mental “geo-graphies” which are invisible to the Chilean state. This process led us to infer the hypothesis that the process of rural-urban migration from these Aymara communities to the city of Arica is not a process of indigenous de-territorialization. Instead we argue that these processes represent the transformation and construction of contemporary rural-urban Aymara territory.Este trabalho enfoca-se em demonstrar que o método de cartografia social pode se tornar num dispositivo político que permite visualizar epistemologicamente outros saberes territoriais que se materializam em um mapa, a fim de reivindicar direitos territoriais indígenas. Para isso, foram elaborados mapas com a comunidade de Chapiquiña no norte do Chile, representando-se a apropriação sob seu território. No nosso caso, esse método é o acesso às "geografias" mentais tornadas invisíveis pelo Estado chileno, as quais nos permitem inferir hipoteticamente que o processo de migração desde os povoados à cidade de Arica não se trata de uma desterritorialização das comunidades aymara, mas de um processo de mobilidade que permitiu a construção e transformação do território aymara contemporâneo, tanto no urbano como no rural.Este trabajo se enfoca en demostrar que el método de cartografía social puede convertirse en un dispositivo político que permite visualizar epistemológicamente otros saberes territoriales que se materializan en un mapa, con el fin de reivindicar derechos territoriales indígenas. Para eso, se elaboraron mapas con la comunidad de Chapiquiña en el norte de Chile, representándose la apropiación sobre su territorio. En nuestro caso, este método es el acceso hacia las “geo-grafías” mentales invisibilizadas por el Estado chileno, las cuales nos permiten inferir hipotéticamente que el proceso de migración desde los pueblos hacia la ciudad de Arica no se trata de una desterritorialización de las comunidades aymara, sino de un proceso de movilidad que ha permitido la construcción y transformación del territorio aymara contemporáneo, tanto en lo urbano como en lo rural

The Social Cartography of Chapiquiña: Revindicating Indigenous Territorial Rights in the Highlands of Arica, Chile

This study attempts to demonstrate how methods of social cartography can serve as a political tool for the re-vindication of indigenous rights. This study employed methods of social cartography to map indigenous territorial knowledge in the indigenous community of Chapiquiña in northern Chile as a process of re-appropriation of ancestral territory. Methods of social cartography serve to make visible mental “geo-graphies” which are invisible to the Chilean state. This process led us to infer the hypothesis that the process of rural-urban migration from these Aymara communities to the city of Arica is not a process of indigenous de-territorialization. Instead we argue that these processes represent the transformation and construction of contemporary rural-urban Aymara territory

Cartografía social de Chapiquiña: reivindicando los derechos territoriales indígenas en los Altos de Arica, Chile

This study attempts to demonstrate how methods of social cartography can serve as a political tool for the re-vindication of indigenous rights. This study employed methods of social cartography to map indigenous territorial knowledge in the indigenous community of Chapiquiña in northern Chile as a process of re-appropriation of ancestral territory. Methods of social cartography serve to make visible mental “geo-graphies” which are invisible to the Chilean state. This process led us to infer the hypothesis that the process of rural-urban migration from these Aymara communities to the city of Arica is not a process of indigenous de-territorialization. Instead we argue that these processes represent the transformation and construction of contemporary rural-urban Aymara territory

México: geopolítica, economía y relaciones estratégicas internacionales

México es una nación que mantiene relaciones diplomáticas con el mundo entero, ha suscrito 12 tratados de libre comercio con 46 países y otros de alcance limitado en América Latina, además de 32 acuerdos para la promoción y protección de inversiones. Esa es la posición formal de México en el mundo. Dos temáticas están presentes en la mayoría de los capítulos de este libro: nuestra estrecha vinculación económica con Estados Unidos y las transformaciones recientes en la economía mundial que perfila un mundo cambiante, multipolar, con todas las consecuencias y oportunidades que esto conlleva para las relaciones económicas de México

Neuronal cell-based high-throughput screen for enhancers of mitochondrial function reveals luteolin as a modulator of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum coupling

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of aging, neurodegeneration, and metabolic diseases. Hence, mitotherapeutics may be valuable disease modifiers for a large number of conditions. In this study, we have set up a large-scale screening platform for mitochondrial-based modulators with promising therapeutic potential. Results: Using differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, we screened 1200 FDA-approved compounds and identified 61 molecules that significantly increased cellular ATP without any cytotoxic effect. Following dose response curve-dependent selection, we identified the flavonoid luteolin as a primary hit. Further validation in neuronal models indicated that luteolin increased mitochondrial respiration in primary neurons, despite not affecting mitochondrial mass, structure, or mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species. However, we found that luteolin increased contacts between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), contributing to increased mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. This signaling pathway likely contributed to the observed effect of luteolin on enhanced mitochondrial complexes I and II activities. Importantly, we observed that increased mitochondrial functions were dependent on the activity of ER Ca2+-releasing channels inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) both in neurons and in isolated synaptosomes. Additionally, luteolin treatment improved mitochondrial and locomotory activities in primary neurons and Caenorhabditis elegans expressing an expanded polyglutamine tract of the huntingtin protein. Conclusion: We provide a new screening platform for drug discovery validated in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, we describe a novel mechanism through which luteolin modulates mitochondrial activity in neuronal models with potential therapeutic validity for treatment of a variety of human diseases