31 research outputs found
Reactive Uptake of Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone on Volcanic Glass and Ash at Ambient Temperature
The atmospheric impacts of volcanic ash from explosive eruptions are rarely considered alongside those of volcanogenic gases/aerosols. While airborne particles provide solid surfaces for chemical reactions with trace gases in the atmosphere, the reactivity of airborne ash has seldom been investigated. Here we determine the total uptake capacity (NiM) and initial uptake coefficient (ÎłM) for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) on a compositional array of volcanic ash and glass powders at ~25°C in a Knudsen flow reactor. The measured ranges of NiSO2 and ÎłSO2 (1011â1013 molecules cmâ2 and 10â3â10â2) and NiO3 and ÎłO3 (1012â1013 molecules cmâ2 and 10â3â10â2) are comparable to values reported for mineral dust. Differences in ash and glass reactivity toward SO2 and O3 may relate to varying abundances of, respectively, basic and reducing sites on these materials. The typically lower SO2 and O3 uptake on ash compared to glass likely results from prior exposure of ash surfaces to acidic and oxidizing conditions within the volcanic eruption plume/cloud. While sequential uptake experiments overall suggest that these gases do not compete for reactive surface sites, SO2 uptake forming adsorbed S(IV) species may enhance the capacity for subsequent O3 uptake via redox reaction forming adsorbed S(VI) species. Our findings imply that ash emissions may represent a hitherto neglected sink for atmospheric SO2 and O3
Caractérisation structurale d'ions par spectroscopie IR : couplage d'un piÚge à ions FT-ICR avec le laser à Electron Libre d'Orsay (CLIO)
National audienc
Dégùts de géomyze sur maïs analyse des facteurs de risque
National audienceContexte : Les attaques de gĂ©omyze, un ravageur du maĂŻs, sont variables d'une annĂ©e Ă l'autre, et peuvent ĂȘtre trĂšs nuisibles (dans l'ouest de la France en 2016). Face Ă l'interdiction des outils de lutte efficaces (traitements de semences nĂ©onicotinoĂŻdes), des moyens de comprĂ©hension et de prĂ©vision sont recherchĂ©s. Travail : une enquĂȘte rĂ©alisĂ©e en Bretagne a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© qu'aucun facteur agronomique n'avait influencĂ© les dĂ©gĂąts en 2016, ce qui suggĂšre l'influence des facteurs climatiques annuels. Une recherche de tels facteurs a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e. RĂ©sultats : quatre facteurs ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s, dont trois intervenants avant les semis (dans l'Ă©tĂ© et l'hiver prĂ©cĂ©dent). Un modĂšle descriptif et un prototype de modĂšle prĂ©dictif ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ©s. Le travail doit continuer
Interventions to Improve Adherence in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disorders: A Systematic Review
International audienceBackground : In patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, poor adherence to medication is associated with increased healthcare costs, decreased patient satisfaction, reduced quality of life and unfavorable treatment outcomes.Objective : To determine the impact of different interventions on medication adherence in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders.Design : Systematic review.Data sources : MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library.Study eligibility criteria for selecting studies : Included studies were clinical trials and observational studies in adult outpatients treated for psoriasis, Crohnâs disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis or multiple sclerosis.Study appraisal and synthesis methods : Intervention approaches were classified into four categories: educational, behavioral, cognitive behavioral, and multicomponent interventions. The risk of bias/study limitations of each study was assessed using the GRADE system.Results : Fifteen studies (14 clinical trials and one observational study) met eligibility criteria and enrolled a total of 1958 patients. Forty percent of the studies (6/15) was conducted in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, half (7/15) in rheumatoid arthritis patients, one in psoriasis patients and one in multiple sclerosis patients. Seven out of 15 interventions were classified as multicomponent, four as educational, two as behavioral and two as cognitive behavioral. Nine studies, of which five were multicomponent interventions, had no serious limitations according to GRADE criteria. Nine out of 15 interventions showed an improvement of adherence: three multicomponent interventions in inflammatory bowel disease; one intervention of each category in rheumatoid arthritis; one multicomponent in psoriasis and one multicomponent in multiple sclerosis.Conclusion : The assessment of interventions designed for increasing medication adherence in IMID is rare in the literature and their methodological quality may be improved in upcoming studies. Nonetheless, multicomponent interventions showed the strongest evidence for promoting adherence in patients with IMID
Le développement durable
Dossier Le dĂ©veloppement durable Le dĂ©veloppement durable est liĂ© aux caractĂ©ristiques structurelles des pays et des territoires. En France, les problĂšmes distinctifs des territoires ruraux sont aujourdâhui bien identifiĂ©s. Mais quâen est-il dans les pays en dĂ©veloppement, en particulier dans le monde rural calĂ©donien, au Mali, Ă Madagascar ? Quelles sont les stratĂ©gies agraires et paysagĂšres susceptibles dâĂȘtre menĂ©es dans le parc du W en Afrique de lâOuest ? La pluralitĂ© des environnements naturels, des traditions et usages, des diversitĂ©s ethniques, fait que la nature des politiques publiques et des acteurs prĂ©sente des particularitĂ©s compliquant singuliĂšrement la mise en oeuvre et la gestion du dĂ©veloppement durable. Recherches Au BrĂ©sil, la culture du soja a connu une forte progression ainsi que l'introduction massive du soja transgĂ©nique. Une enquĂȘte dans le ParanĂĄ explique la coexistence entre soja traditionnel et soja transgĂ©nique sur une mĂȘme exploitation. LâĂ©tat dâinfestation des parcelles par les mauvaises herbes, lâĂ©volution des royalties appliquĂ©es au soja transgĂ©nique et les dispositions prises pour assurer la puretĂ© des semences de soja conventionnel en sont les principaux facteurs. DĂ©bat La volatilitĂ© des marchĂ©s agricoles est bien connue. Les prix ne sont jamais Ă©gaux aux coĂ»ts marginaux, ce qui est fĂącheux. DâoĂč vient ce phĂ©nomĂšne ? Une proposition est formulĂ©e pour que les fluctuations des prix agricoles ne soient plus prĂ©judiciables aux agriculteurs et aux consommateurs. Note de lecture LâĂ©tonnante histoire des Maisons familiales rurale